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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spiruroidea
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Nematode with a indirect life cycle
IH: Dung beetle * DH ingests IH |
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Gongylonema pulchrum
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* Nematode found on the tounge/esophagus of pigs
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Gongylonema pulchrum SF
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Spiruroidea
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Gongylonema pulchrum egg
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thick shell embryonated
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How does Gongylonema pulchrum infect host
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DH ingests IH (beetle)
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Ascarops stongylina sf
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Spiruroidea
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Ascarops stongylina life cycle
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Indirect life cycle
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Ascarops stongylina
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nematode found in the stomach of pigs
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Ascarops stongylina egg
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small, thick shelled, embryonated
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Ascarops stongylina effects
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gastritis, ulcers
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Physocephalus sexalatus
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nematode found in the stomach of pigs
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Physocephalus sexalatus sf
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Spiruroidea
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Physocephalus sexalatus life cycle
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indirect
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Physocephalus sexalatus IH
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dung beetle
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Physocephalus sexalatus effects
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gastritis, ulcers
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Physocephalus sexalatus egg
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elongate, embryonated
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Trichostongyloidea
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nematode
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Trichostongyloidea life cycle
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direct
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Trichostongyloidea location of adults
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stomach (gastric glands and gastric mucosa)
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Trichostongyloidea and hypobiosis
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Hypobiosis occurs (L4) if conditions are too hot, too dry, or too cool
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Hyostongylus rubidus
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nematode found in stomach of pigs
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Hyostongylus rubidus sf
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Trichostongyloidea
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what type of pigs is Hyostongylus rubidus most common
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pastured
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Hyostongylus rubidus life cycle
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direct
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Hyostongylus rubidus eggs
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thick shelled, embryonated
** Important to distinguish eggs from Oesophagostomum (large intestinal nematode), which look similar |
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Hyostongylus rubidus effects
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gastritis, ulcers, anemia and anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting
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Hyostongylus rubidus and periparturient relaxation of resistance (PPRR) in pigs
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hormonal changes at parturition signal hypobiotic Hyostongylus to resume developing. They produce eggs that increase # of infective L3 larvae for piglets later on
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Trichostongylus axei sf
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Trichostongyloidea
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Trichostongylus axei in pigs
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Uncommon in pigs and horses, common parasite in ruminants
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Trichostongylus axei
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nematode found in the stomach
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Trichostongylus axei life cycle
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direct
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how does dh become infected with Trichostongylus axei
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ingestion of L3
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Ascaroidea
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nematode (large, 3 lips) found in small intestine
ex: Toxocara canis (dogs), Ascaris suum (pigs) |
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Ascaroidea infective stage
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L2
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Ascaris suum
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most economically important nematode of swine (found in SI)
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Ascaris suum sf
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Ascaroidea
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Ascaris suum life cycle
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direct
*** Does NOT pass in utero or by lactation (L2 placental transmission and transmammary transmission in dog (Toxocara canis)) |
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Ascaris suum infective stage
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L2 - hepatic tracheal migration
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Ascaris suum and milk spots
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granulomas in liver becoming fibrotic
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Ascaris suum eggs
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oval, thick-shelled, brown/yellow, sticky
* Eggs are viable for 5 years or longer |
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Ascaris suum effects
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cough, dairrhea, reduced weight gain, poor doer, pneumonia, potentially fatal
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Stongyloidea
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Nematode found in small intestine, large intestine, and urinary tract
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Stongyloidea infective stage
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L3 larvae is infective stage either by ingestion or percutaneous penetration (in pig may also get it by eating an earthworm)
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Globocephalus urosubulatus
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nematode found in SI of pigs
pig hookworm |
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Globocephalus urosubulatus sf
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Stongyloidea
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Globocephalus urosubulatus infective stage
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L3 larvae
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Globocephalus urosubulatus eggs
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thin shell, segmented
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Globocephalus urosubulatus effects
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may cause anemia, but usually of minor importance
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Oesophagostomum sf
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Stongyloidea
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2 Oesophagostomum species in swine
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Oesophagostomum dentatum and quadrispinulatum
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Oesophagostomum dentatum and quadrispinulatum
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Nematodes found in LI of swine
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Oesophagostomum dentatum and quadrispinulatum life cyle
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direct
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Oesophagostomum dentatum and quadrispinulatum impact in swine industry
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nodules produced in intestinal wall; prevents use of intestines as sausage casing
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Oesophagostomum dentatum and quadrispinulatum eggs
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thin shell, segmented
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Swine kidney worm
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Stephanurus dentatus
* normally in perirenal fat, liver, and abdominal cavity; can migrate elsewhere, often found in spinal canal…abscessed lesion in spleen, lung, pancreas, and loin muscle |
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Stephanurus dentatus sf
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Stongyloidea
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Stephanurus dentatus
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Major parasite of feral swine
Nematode |
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Stephanurus dentatus eggs
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Large strongyle type eggs
Eggs passed in URINE |
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Stephanurus dentatus life cyle
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direct
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Stephanurus dentatus infective stage
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L3
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How does swine become infected with Stephanurus dentatus
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Transmitted, orally, percutaneously, or by paratenic host (EARTHWORM) [both S. dentatus and Metastrongylus spp are transmitted by earthworm]
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Rhabditoidea
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nematode found in small intestine
ex; Stongyloides stercoralis (intestinal threadworm of man and dogs), Stongyloides ransomi (pigs) |
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Rhabditoidea infective stage
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L3 larvae are infective stage
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Stongyloides ransomi
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nematode found in the small intestine of swine
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Stongyloides ransomi sf
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Rhabditoidea
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Stongyloides ransomi life cycle
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Parasitic and free living cycles
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Stongyloides ransomi infective stage
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L3 larvae are infective stage
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Stongyloides ransomi eggs
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Larvated eggs are passed in feces
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Gasterophilus intestinalis
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common horse bot
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Where is Gasterophilus intestinalis found?
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* Nonglandular stomach
* Eggs laid on forelimbs, flank, shoulders, and belly |
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Where is Gasterophilus nasalis found?
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* Pyloric/Glandular region of the stomach or duodenum
* Eggs laid on throat latch/submandibular region |
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Spiruroidea locations in body
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Stomach and Eye Central Nervous System in horses
* tongue and esophagus in pigs |
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Spiruroidea IH for horses
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beetles or flies
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Spiruroidea and "summer sores" in horses
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* Infective L3 larvae deposited by fly in aberrant locations i.e. wounds, conjunctiva, and genitalia
* Results in proud flesh * Caused by members of SF Spiruroidea: Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae, Habronema majus |
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Draschia megastoma
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nematode found in the stomach of horses
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Draschia megastoma sf
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Spiruroidea
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Draschia megastoma major effect
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Gastric nodules/abscesses in fundus near margo plicata, but usually does not cause
problems for the horse |
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Draschia megastoma IH
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Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (FLIES)
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Draschia megastoma infects host how?
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Infected fly ingested by DH, or L3 crawls out when fly is feeding
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Habronema muscae
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nematode found in horse stomach
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Habronema muscae sf
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Spiruroidea
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Habronema muscae IH
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Musca domestica
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Habronema muscae infects DH how
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Infected fly ingested by DH, or L3 crawls out when fly is feeding
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Habronema majus
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nematode found in horse stomach
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Habronema majus sf
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Spiruroidea
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Thelazia lacrymalis
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nematode found in horse eye
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Thelazia lacrymalis sf
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Spiruroidea
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Thelazia lacrymalis IH
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Fly deposits L3 larvae when feeding on ocular secretions
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Trichostongyloidea location in horses
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Stomach and Respiratory Tract
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Trichostongyloidea life cycle
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direct
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Trichostongyloidea infects host how?
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DH consumes L3 larvae
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Trichostongylus axei
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nematode found in horse stomach
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Trichostongylus axei sf
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Trichostongyloide
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Trichostongylus axei infects host how?
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DH consumes L3 larvae
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Trichostongylus axei is found where in horses
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Glandular portion of stomach, fundus
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Trichostongylus axei is most prevalent in what type of horses
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prevalent in horses grazed with ruminants
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lungworm of horses (and donkeys)
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Dictyocaulaus arnfieldi
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Dictyocaulaus arnfieldi sf
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Trichostongyloidea
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Dictyocaulaus arnfieldi is found where in horses
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Lymphatic migration to LUNGS
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Dictyocaulaus arnfieldi CS
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Chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, eosinophilia
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Dictyocaulaus arnfieldi dx testing
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Check the donkey and treat the horse
** horse with clinical signs will probably not have patent infection, BUT donkey will have patent infection and not show clinical signs |
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Ascaroidea in horses
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nematodes found in SI
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Ascaroidea migration
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Hepatic tracheal migration in all/hepatic aortic migration in dogs
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Ascaroidea infective stage
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L2 egg is the infective stage
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Ascaroidea Primary damage
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Primary damage caused by host’s immune responses to antigenic excretory/secretory products of molting and migration of larvae through liver and lungs
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large round worm of the horse
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Parascaris equorum
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Parascaris equorum sf
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Ascaroidea
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Parascaris equorum host sources
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Foals of one season are the source of eggs for foals of subsequent seasons
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Parascaris equorum
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. Lung migration is the most important aspect to infection (eosinophilia, possibly before eggs are seen ppp = ~65 days)
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Parascaris equorum infective stage
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L2 egg is the infective stage
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Parascaris equorum migration
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Hepatic tracheal migration
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Stongyloidea location in horses
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Small intestine, large intestine, and urinary tract
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Example species of Stongyloidea
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Ancylostoma caninum (dogs), Cyathostomes (horses), Stephanurus dentatus and Oesophagostomum dentatum/quadrispinulatum (pig)
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Stongyloidea infective stage
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L3 larvae is infective stage either by ingestion or percutaneous penetration (in pig may also get it by eating an earthworm); L3 larvae do not shed cuticle and resist desiccation
* In HORSE: larvae migrate extensively |
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Stongyloidea species in horses
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1. Strongylus vulgaris
2. Strongylus edentatus 3. Strongylus equinus 4. Cyathostomes |
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Strongylus vulgaris sf
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Stongyloidea
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Strongylus vulgaris L4 migration
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L4 ascend cranial mesenteric artery branches via Ileocecocolic arteries
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Strongylus vulgaris life cycle
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direct
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Strongylus vulgaris adults found where in horse
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Adults in cecum
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Strongylus vulgaris can cause what in horses?
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Arteritis and infarctions
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Strongylus edentatus
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nematode found in horse right ventral colon
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Strongylus edentatus migration in horse
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Larvae take the portal circulation to the liver, hepatic ligament to the right flank/right ventral colon, and may return to gut via mesentery
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Strongylus edentatus adults are found where in horse
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Adults in Right Ventral Colon
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Strongylus edentatus sf
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Stongyloidea
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Strongylus edentatus life cycle
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direct
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Strongylus edentatus infects host how?
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L3 larvae is infective stage either by ingestion or percutaneous penetration
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Strongylus equinus
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nematode found in horse right ventral colon, cecum, pancreas, or kidney
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Strongylus equinus migration in horse
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Larvae directly migrate to the liver and leaves via hepatic ligament to enter cecum, right ventral colon
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Strongylus equinus adults are found where in horse
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Adults in cecum or right vental colon, or pancreas or kidney
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Strongylus equinus life cycle
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direct-L3 larvae is infective stage
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Cyathostomes
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Small strongyles (nematodes)
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Cyathostomes sf
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Stongyloidea
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Cyathostomes migration
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mucosal
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Cyathostomes life cycle
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direct
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Cyathostomes infects horse how
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L3 ingested while grazing
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Cyathostomiosis syndrome
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seen in young horses in late winter/early spring
* lose condition, diarrheam weight loss |
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Rhabditoidea location in horses
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SI and CNS
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Examle species of Rhabditoidea
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Stongyloides stercoralis (intestinal threadworm of man and dogs) Stongyloides ransomi (pig)
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Rhabditoidea Horse species
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1. Strongyloides westeri
2. Halicepalobus (Micronema) deletrix (gingivalis) |
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Rhabditoidea life cycle
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Parasitic and free living cycles
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Rhabditoidea gender thats parasitic
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Only female worms are parasitic
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Rhabditoidea infective stage
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L3 larvae are infective stage
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Rhabditoidea migration
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Skin tracheal or skin aortic migration depending on host susceptibility
***skin penetration is via sweat glands or hair follicles |
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Rhabditoidea transmission
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Fecal/oral, cutaneous, or transmammary transmission
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intestinal threadworm of horses
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Strongyloides westeri
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Strongyloides westeri eggs float?
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Eggs float in horse (and pig’s S. ransomi but S. stercoralis produces L1 larvae)
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Strongyloides westeri problem in foals why
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Problem in young foals from transmammary transmission
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Strongyloides westeri life cycle
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direct- only females are parasitic
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Strongyloides westeri transmission
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Fecal/oral, cutaneous, or transmammary transmission
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Strongyloides westeri location in horses
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SI
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Strongyloides westeri infective stage
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L3
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Halicepalobus deletrix sf
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Rhabditoidea
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Halicepalobus deletrix life cycle
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Normally free living
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Halicepalobus deletrix infects DH how
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Free living worms enter lesion in mouth or are inhaled
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Halicepalobus deletrix migration in horse
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Direct migration to CNS then via blood to tissues, forming granulomatous inflammation
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Halicepalobus deletrix location in horse
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cns 100% fatal
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Halicepalobus deletrix
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nematode found in CNS of horses
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Ciliophora
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phylum of Ciliated Apicomplexa (protozoa)
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Ciliophora Example species:
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Balantidium coli
Horse ciliates |
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Horse ciliates
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commensal symbiont of horses
* trophozoites only, no cysts |
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Horse ciliates transmission
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transmission per os (coprophagy in foal)
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Sarcomastigophora
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protozoa found in cecum of horses and genitalia in Cattle
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Sarcomastigophora Example species
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Tritrichomonas foetus (bovine) Trypanosoma (dog)
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Sarcomastigophora Horse species
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1. Trichomonas equi
2. Trypanosoma evansi 3. Trypanosoma equiperdum |
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Sarcomastigophora stage found?
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Trophozoite is only stage that is found
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Trichomonas equi
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Protozoa that is a normal inhabitant of cecum of horses
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Trichomonas equi and dirrhea
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Seen in horses with diarrhea, but are NOT the cause, just a sign of disease
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Trichomonas equi motility
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Corkscrew motility
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Trichomonas equi stage identified
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Trophozoite is only stage that is found
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Trypanosoma evansi life cycle
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Indirect life cycles are via saliva
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Trypanosoma evansi Dh
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horse
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Trypanosoma evansi IH
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either a vampire bat or biting flies
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Trypanosoma evansi transmission
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Biological or mechanical transmission
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Trypanosoma evansi biological transmission
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Epimastigote stage in bat matures to trypomastigote and is transmitted via bite
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Trypanosoma evansi mechanical transmission
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Trypomastigote from infected horse is on the mouthparts of a biting fly, which goes to another horse, and bites it, transferring the trypomastigote
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Trypanosoma evansi diagnosis
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trypomastigote in blood or lymph
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Trypanosoma evansi location in horses
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cecum
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Trypanosoma evansi clinical signs
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* Intermittent fever
* Watery eyes/nose, edematous swellings of abdomen/genitalia/legs * Fatal disease – 2w-6m |
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Trypanosoma evansi phylum
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Sarcomastigophora
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Trypanosoma equiperdum
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** Protozoa found in cecum of horses
Eradicated from US, now in Africa and Asia |
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Oxyuroidea
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nematodes found in LI (rectum)
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Oxyuroidea Example species:
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Oxyuris equi (horse)
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Oxyuris equi
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Pinworm found in horse colon/rectum
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Oxyuris equi sf
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Oxyuroidea
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Oxyuris equi life cycle
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direct
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Oxyuris equi infective stage
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L3
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Oxyuris equi infects horse how
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ingestion of L3
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Oxyuris equi clinical signs
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perianal purirus, tail rubbing
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Oxyuris equi diagnosis
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egg scraping, scotch tape test
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Apicomplexa
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phylum of protozoa found everywhere! (Small intestine, Respiratory, Kidney, Brain/Spinal Cord, Musculoskeletal)
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Apicomplexa Example species:
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Eimeria spp.; Isospora spp; Toxoplasma gondii (of cats); Babesia spp; Plasmodium spp.
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Apicomplexa Horse species
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1. Eimeria leuckartiI
2. Cryptosporidium parvum 3. Klossiella equi 4. Sarcocystis neurona 5. Sarcocystis spp. 6. Babesia caballi 7. Babesia equi (Theileria equi) |
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Apicomplexa found where in relation to cells
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Intracellular
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Apicomplexa life cycle
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Direct or indirect life cycles
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Eimeria leuckartiI
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Apicomplexa protozoa found in SI of horses
* rarely diagnosed; usually in foals |
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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Apicomplexa protozoa found in small intestine
Infection most common neonatal animals |
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Cryptosporidium parvum when is infective?
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Infective when shed (sporulation occurs inside host)
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Cryptosporidium parvum and zoals
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Combined Immunodeficiency in Foals
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Cryptosporidium parvum zoonotic?
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YES
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Klossiella equi
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Coccidia in the kidney
protozoa belonging to apicoplexa |
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Klossiella equi pathogenic?
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non-pathogenic, incidental finding at necropsy
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Klossiella equi sporocysts passed?
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sporocysts passed in urine
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Sarcocystis neurona life cycle
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Indirect life cycle,
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Sarcocystis neurona IH
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horse being IH (normal IH: armadillos, skunks, cats)
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Sarcocystis neurona
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apiclompexa protozoa found in CNS
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Sarcocystis neurona major cause of what in horses?
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Equine Protozoal Myelitis – EPM
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Sarcocystis neurona DH
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Opossum (DH) passes sporulated sporocysts
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Sarcocystis neurona meronts are found where?
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meronts are found in nervous tissue – brain and spinal cord
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Sarcocystis neurona diagnosis:
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postmortem is only truly accurate test; can do serology to rule out
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Sarcocystis spp.
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apicomplexa protozoa found in muscle
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Sarcocystis spp. life cycle
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Indirect life cycle
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Sarcocystis spp. IH
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horse IH
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Sarcocystis spp. Dh
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DH: dog
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Sarcocystis spp. sporocysts?
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Dog passes sporulated sporocysts
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What molecule plays a central role in the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia due to pseudohyperparathyroidism?
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Parathyroid-like hormone
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Babesia caballi
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apicomplexa protozoa found in blood
Large species in horses and mules |
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Babesia caballi diagnosis
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Giemsa blood film demonstrates large piroplasms in RBCs
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Babesia equi
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apicomplexa protozoa found in blood-rarely imported to US; mainly all other large continents
small species in horses and mules |
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common liver fluke
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Fasciola hepatica
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blood fluke
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Heterobilharzia americana
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Heterobilharzia americana found where?
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mesenteric vessels
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LIVER FLUKES!
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Fasicola hepatica (ruminants, man, others)
Schistosoma mansoni (man, rodents) Heterbilharzia americana (dogs, raccons) |
