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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The term _________ is used to describe a baby until the age of 1 year. |
Infant |
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What are infants that are only a few hours old referred to as? |
Newly Born |
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What are infants referred to as up until 1month old? |
Neonates |
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What term is used to describe the age range of 1-3 years old? |
Toddler |
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What term is used to describe the age range of 4-5 years old. |
Preschooler |
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What age range describes school age children? |
6-12 years old |
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What term describes the period between the end of childhood (beginning of puberty) and adulthood (18 years of age) |
Adolescent |
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What is the heart rate of an infant immediately after birth? |
160-180BPM, however heart rates as high as 200BPM are not unusual |
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What is a newborns blood volume? |
300mL |
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How much blood volume is required in mL/min to meet a newborns metabolic demands? How does a newborns body meet the demand? |
500 mL/min; Heart rate is increased to circulate the blood quickly |
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Within how many minutes should a newborns heart rate drop below 160BPM? |
Within the first 30 minutes of birth |
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What is the normal heart rate for a baby by the time they reach 1 year of age? |
120 BPM |
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What is the typical respiratory rate for a newborn? |
40-60 Breaths per minute |
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What does the newborn respiratory rate drop to a few minutes after birth |
30-40 Breaths per minute |
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What is considered a normal respiratory rate for a 1 year old child |
20-30 Breaths per minute |
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What should initial respiratory tidal volumes range between for a newborn? |
6-8 mL/kg |
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What should the respiratory tidal volume be by 1 year of age? |
10-15 mL/kg |
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True or False: Blood pressure is difficult to obtain in infants |
True |
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What is the normal systolic blood pressure in a newborn? |
70 mm Hg |
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What is the normal systolic blood pressure in a 1 year old? |
90 mm Hg |
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What is the range of a normal temperature in a newborn? |
98-100 Degrees F |
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True or False: Newborns are susceptible to hypothermia |
True |
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How many kilograms does a typical term baby weigh? |
3-3.5 kg (7-8lbs) |
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How much body weight in percentage does a newborn lose in the first week? |
5%-10% |
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When should a baby gain back enough weight to exceed their birth weight? |
By the end of the 2nd week |
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How much weight should an infant gain per day during the first month? |
30 grams per day |
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How much weight should an infant gain per day by 4-6 months? |
60 grams per day |
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How much weight should an infant gain per day by 9-12 months? |
90 grams per day |
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Infants heads make up how much of their body weight in percentage? |
25% |
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During the first year physical development mainly involves _______________ |
Infant coordinating motor skills |
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What are the most significant differences in the infant's cardiovascular system? |
Fetal circulatory structures (fetal shunts) of the ductus arterioles, ductus venous, and the foramen ovale. These structures normally close at birth or shortly thereafter. |
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What shunts blood from the left pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the fetus's lungs, because oxygen for the fetus is provided through the mother's placenta? |
Ductus Arteriosus |
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In the fetus, what connects the left umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava? What is it's function? |
Ductus Venosus; is a shunt that allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and return to the systemic circulation for distribution to the rest of the body. |
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How soon does the ductus venous close after birth both functionally and anatomically? |
Shortly after birth; 15-20 days |
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What is the term for a small hole located in the atrial septum used during fetal circulation? |
Foramen Ovale |
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What is the purpose of the foramen ovale? When does it close, and how does it close? |
It allows blood to travel from the veins to the right side of the baby's heart and cross to the left side of the heart through the foramen ovale skipping the trip to the baby's lungs. ; It closes with the first breath that the baby takes from the increased pressure on the left side of the heart forcing a flap of tissue to cover the opening. |
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Because an infants head is larger than it's torso, what can be done to prevent a blocked airway when laying an infant in a supine position? |
Place padding underneath the torso |
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What is the term used to describe how infants breathe up until 6 months of age? |
Obligate nose breathers |
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Breathing in infants is predominately a result of ___________ |
Diaphragmatic movement |
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Small respiratory insults can lead to rapidly increasing respiratory rates and a resulting increase in internal heat generation and fluid loss which leads to________________ |
Dehydration |
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True or False: Infants kidneys are able to concentrate urine |
False. Infant's kidneys are unable to concentrate urine resulting in excretion of larger volumes of dilute urine and making dehydration from polyuria (frequent urination) a serious threat |
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True or False: Infants in the first 3-6 months of life have an immature immunologic system and are more susceptible than an older infant or child to severe infections an infections by unusual organisms. |
True. The infants immune system is essentially limited to passive immunity, based on material antibodies, through the first 6 months of life. |
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At birth, what organ is nearer its adult size than any other organ? |
The brain. Virtually all of the neurons of the nervous system are present, but they are immature. |
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What is the sole physical ability of an infant? |
Reflexes |
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What reflex disappears around 3 weeks of age? |
Sucking reflex |
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What is an indication of normal brain and nerve development? |
The presence of reflexes at birth. |
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What is another term for startle response? |
Moro reflex. This occurs when a newborn is startled by a noise or sudden movement. The newborn reacts by flinging the arms and legs outward and extending the head. This reflex peaks in the first month and disappears after 4 months. |
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How many months does it take for the palmar grasp reflex to disappear? |
3-4 months |
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True or False: The presence of an abnormal Babinski reflex in a child younger than 2 is a normal finding |
True |
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What reflex disappears 2 months after birth, and then returns toward the end of the first year as a voluntary learned behavior? |
Stepping or Walking reflex |
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What is the fibrous tissue separating the bones of the cranium? |
Fontanelles |
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At what age does the posterior fontanelle close? |
Approximately 3 months |
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At what age does the anterior fontanelle close? |
Approximately 9-18 months |
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What may pulsations of the fontanelles reflect? |
Heartrate |
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What can cause a bulging anterior fontanelle? |
Crying; coughing; vomiting; or increased intracranial pressure from a head injury, meningitis, or hydrocephalus. |
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How would an anterior fontanelle appear on dehydrated or malnourished infants? |
Depressed |
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What are generally the longest sleep periods for a newborn? |
4-5 hours |
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What is another name for growth plate? |
Epiphyseal plate |
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What weight in percentage are a baby's muscles? |
25% |
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At what age does teething generally begin? |
5-7 months |
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How many years are the most critical for a person's emotional and intellectual development? |
First 3 years |
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___________occurs when a physical situation is artificially modified to support children's efforts, allowing them to become more skillful than they would if the relied only on their own abilities. |
Scaffolding |
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How do infants express basic needs and feelings? |
Crying |
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Persistent crying, irritability, or inability to console or arouse patient may indicate what? |
Physiologic Distress |
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True or False: During the first 2 years the body enlarges faster than at any other time after birth |
True |
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How much weight and how many inches in height do toddler and preschoolers gain per year? |
2 kg/year; 2-3 inches in height/year |
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What heart rate range is normal for toddlers? |
80-120 BPM |
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What heart rate range is normal for preschoolers? |
80-100 BPM |
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What is the respiratory rate range for both toddlers and preschoolers? |
20-30 breaths per minute |
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What is the formula for determining the minimal systolic blood pressure for a child aged 1-10 years? |
70+(2 X age in years) |
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True or False: For toddlers and preschoolers, hemoglobin levels are similar to those of an adult |
True |
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What can result from the force of an injury to the chest of a toddler or preschooler, even though their ribs and sternum are more pliable than an adult? |
Pulmonary contusion, hemothorax, or pneumothorax. |
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At what age are kidneys well developed allowing children to gain control of their bladder and bowel function? |
2 years of age |
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Which age groups are vaccines given to combat more serious illnesses ? |
Toddlers and preschoolers |
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By the age of 2 years, the brain will have reached what percentage of the weight of an adult brain? |
90% |
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True or False: Vision and sight should not be nearly completed by the end of the toddler years |
False. Vision and sight should be nearly completely developed by the end of the toddler years |
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At what age does walking start to occur? |
14-15 months of age |
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At what age do toddlers develop a unique personality and a set of likes and dislikes? |
2 years old |
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Which style of parenting encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions? |
Authoritative Parenting |
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Which style of parenting makes the child feel as if they are especially privileged?
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Permissive-Indulgent Parenting |
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In which style of parenting does the parent have a low level of control and a low level of responsiveness to their child? |
Permissive-Indifferent Parenting |
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In which style of parenting does a parent place restrictive and punitive limits on the child and very little verbal exchange is allowed? |
Authoritarian Parenting |
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True or False: When dealing with an uncooperative child, you should ask the caretaker to restrain them. |
FALSE. Never ask the caretaker to participate in any way other than to calm the child. |
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How should you explain procedures to a preschooler? |
Brief simple terms as they are performed |
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What age range are school age children? |
6-12 years old |
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How many inches of height do school age children grow per year? |
2-3 inches |
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What is the average heart rate in a school age child? |
70-110 BPM |
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What is the average respiratory rate in a school age child? |
20-30 Breaths per minute |
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At what age does the thickening of gray matter peak in boys and in girls? |
11 years for girls, 12 years for boys |
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At what age does puberty start in girls? |
Between 8-13 years of age |
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At what age does puberty begin in boys? |
Between 13-15 years of age |
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What age group of children develop "self concept?" |
School aged children |
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What is the age group where moral development usually occurs? |
School aged children |
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Is honesty important when interacting with school aged children? |
YES |
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What is the age range for adolescence? |
13-18 years of age |
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Within 2 years of the development of breast buds, as long as their body fat is at least 18-20% of body weight ___________ occurs. |
Menarche, AKA Menstruation |
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What two hormones are secreted from cells in the anterior pituitary that stimulate the gonads? |
Luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone. Also called gonadotropins |
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What is the heart rate for an adolescent? |
55-105 BPM |
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What is the respiratory rate for an adolescent? |
12-20 breaths per minute |
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What is the systolic blood pressure for an adolescent? |
100-120 mm Hg |
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True or False: Blood chemistry is nearly equal to that of adults in adolescents. |
True |
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What is the age range for early adulthood? |
20-40 years of age |
