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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperstosis |
ossification of tendons and ligaments. On limb joints there are enthesophytes, on vertebrae usually thoracic) there are enthesophytes, ossification of cartilage and bone fusion. candle wax like appearance on right side 4 fused vertebra needed for diagnosis
pain aching and stiffness aiteology associated with raised blood sugar, long term medication use and found in older males most often |
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congential diseases |
achondroplasia (dwarfism) spina bifida anencephaly cleft palate |
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achondroplasia |
most common form of dwarfism
genetic cause
intracartilainous ossification (the type of bone growth of all but the skull and clavicle) is retarded |
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anencephaly |
born with no brain or only brain stem dies very soon |
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spina bifida |
genetic basis, also related to folic acid deficiency during preganancy, as well as alcohol abuse, diabetes and obesity spina bifida oculta - less severse defect of nueral arch spina bifida cystica- more severe (meningocele, myelomeniginocele, rachisis) usually in sacrum or lumbar
high prevelance in some populations due to inbreeding
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hip displasia |
congentical dislocation of the hip defect in growth plates of acetabulum acetabulum flattened and/or neoacetabulum created femuarl head flattened and neck shortened
treated with spica cast
caused by oligohydraminosis/genetics/post erm preganancy/perinatal distrubances including swaddling
can lead to the development of osteoarthritis |
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fractures (types) |
open/closed acute injury/stress fractures/weakened by disease (eg neoplasm) greenstick, transverse, oblique, spiral, impacted, compresion
perimortem (unhealed) antemortem 9healing proccess begun) |
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how fractures heal |
a hematoma is formed and a bloodclot forms within 12 hours. fibroblasts create fibrousos granulation connective tissue and fracture is closed with a primary callus of woven bone. calcium salt impregant callus at abot 21-30 days and the immature bone begins to be replaced with lamellar bone. mechanical phase is very long and involves remodelling |
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osteoarthritis |
most common non-inflammatory disease of the synovial joints eburniation osteophytitic growths porous joint surface also pitting and deformation of the joint
age, genetics, obesity, exercise and trauma |
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septic arthritis
NON SPECIFIC INFECTION |
septic AKA inflammatory arthritis can be caused by the Tb bacteria or anthother bacteria |
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Rheumatiod arthrisis |
autoimmune disease rarewly seen in archeological record affects several systems of the body, in bones is seen as sublaxation or dislocation of phalanges, cartilage at synovial joints destoryed (erosive legions).
stiff, swollen red, painful joints |
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gouty arthristis |
uric acid crystals accumulate in tendons and ligaments of the joint, can be seen on radiograph, erosive lesions |
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non-specific infections |
osteomylitis (compact bone and marrow, boen destruction, pus formation, cloaca, sequestrum (dead bone) and involcrum (new immature bone)),
osteitis
and periostitis
direct infection via open fracture, metastized infection of eg throat or ear or septacemia
often staph, strep and pnuemacocci
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TB |
mycobacterium tuberculosis or bovine
affects pulmory system (m. t.) or instestinal system (m.b.) and only spreads to bone after a long time.
symptoms only seen when immune system weakened osteomylitis in knee and hip joints, plus spine, bone destructive process, little repair, potts spine
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leprorosy |
rhinomaxillary syndrome affedts nevers and creates claw foot and claw hand
mycobacterium leprae
leprotamous worse than tuberculoid |
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treponemal disease |
debate about congentical and veneral syphilis, yaws and pinta
caries sicca on skull
treponema pallidum
platal destructive lesions |
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anemia |
criba ortibatlis and hair on end (porotic hyperstotis AKA marrow hypertrphy) appreance in radiographs due to widdening of meddullary cavity in skull due to bodys attempt to make more blood cells in marrow |
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vitamin C deficiency |
scurvy weakens blood vessel walls causing hemorage and new bone formation and remodelling, typically in the skull esp orbits |
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vitamin D deficiny |
vitamin d is essential for the absoption of calcium and phosphourous
in adults causes osteomalacia which is characterised by collapse of vertebrae and deformity of pelvis
rickets, bowed limb bones under stress of waking before mineralisation, flared epithysis and short stature
often remodelled to normally in adult years |
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harris line |
lines of arrested growth |
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osteoporosis |
age, sex, prologonged lactation, menopause and genetics predeterimine succeptaboility
results in breaks
radiography used to diagnose in archeoloogical reamins howver it is hard to tell how much of the demineralisation is postmortem |
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pagets disease |
endocrine disorder age preogressive disease locatlised increase bone turnover rate, woven and fibrous bone formation. cortex anbd medullary cavity become less obviously demarcated.
can leaed to osteoarthritis |
