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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cutaneous and superficial pain
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Arises in the skin or the subcutaneous tissue
Ex: Touching a hot stove or getting a paper cut |
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Visceral Pain
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Caused by stimulation of deep internal pain receptors
Most often in abdominal cavity, cranium, or thorax Varies from local, achy discomfort to more widespread intermittent and crampy pain Ex: Menstrual cramps, labor pain, GI infection, bowel disorders, organ cancers |
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Deep somatic pain
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originates in ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones
Tends to last longer Ex: fracture or sprain, arthritis, and bone cancer |
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Radiating pain
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starts at the source but extends to other locations
Ex: sore throat may extend to the ears and and head |
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Referred Pain
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Occurs in an area that is distant from the original site
Ex: Pain from a heart attack may be experienced down the left arm , through the back, or into the jaw |
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Phantom Pain
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pain that is perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed
Ex: Amputees may perceive that the limb exists and experience burning, itching, and deep pain in that area |
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Nociceptive pain
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most common type of physical pain experienced
Occurs when pain receptors (nociceptors) respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging Ex: result of surgery, trauma, or inflammation |
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neuropathic pain
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a complex and often chronic that arises when injury to one or more nerves results in repeated transmission of pain signals even in the absence of painful stimuli
Ex: Poorly controlled diabetes, stroke, tumor, or viral infection |
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Acute pain
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short duration and is generally rapid in onset
varies in intensity and may last up to 6 months Ex: injury or surgery Protective, in that it indicates potential or actual tissue damage |
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Chronic Pain
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pain that lasted 6 months or longer and often interferes with daily activities
Progressive disorders |
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Intractable pain
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Both chronic and highly resistant to relief
Should be approached with multiple methods of pain relief |
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Adjectives used to describe pain
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sharp or dull, aching, throbbing, stabbing, burning, ripping, searing, or tingling
Periodicity may be referred to as episodic, intermittent, or constant |
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Transduction of pain
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nociceptors become activated by the perception of potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli
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Mechanical stimuli
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external forces that result in pressure or friction against the body
Ex: stretching of tissue in joints and body cavities related to bleeding and swelling and compression of body tissues caused by the force of an accident Surgical incisions, friction, or skin shearing |
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Thermal stimuli
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exposure to exreme heat or cold
touching a hot object, or having an earache from being in the cold |
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Chemical stimuli
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internal or external
external - lemon juice on an open cut internal - chest pain in a heart attack |
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Transmission of pain
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peripheral nerves carry the pain message to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
conducted to spinal cord along two types of fibers: a-delta fibers, and C fibers |
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A-delta fibers
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large-diameter myelinated fibers that transmit impulses at 6 to 30 meters per second
fast pain impulses Ex: when you bump your knee , the initial sharp pain is carried by a-delta fibers |
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C Fibers
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smaller unmyelinated fibers that transmit slow pain impulses
dull diffuse pain travels at a slow rate conduct pain from mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli Ex: bump your knee, the lingering ache in the tissue, carried by C fibers |
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Pain perception
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the recognition and definition of pain in the frontal cortex
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Pain threshold
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the point at which the brain recognizes and defines a stimulus as pain
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Pain tolerance
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the duration or intensity of pain that a person is willing to endure
Ex: mother giving child a kidney may feel less pain than someone losing a kidney because of cancer |
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Hyperalgesia
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extreme sensitivity to pain
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Pain modulation
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pain signals can be either facilitated or inhibited, and the perception of pain can be thereby changed
2 mechanisms allow for modulationof pain: endogenous analgesia system and the gate control mechanism |
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Endogenous analgesia system
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Neurons in the brain stem activate descending nerve fibers that conduct impulses back to the spinal cord
Trigger the release of endogenous opiods and other substances to block the continuing pain impulses and provide pain relief Natural occuring analgesic neurotransmitters that inhibit the transmission of pain impulses and the release of substance P 3 neurotransmitters are: enkephalins, dynorphins, and beta endorphins |
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What must occur to generate pain?
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nociceptors must receive a sufficient number of noxious stimuli.
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What are the four physiological steps invovled in the pain process?
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Perception, Modulation, Transduction and transmission
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What are the 4 most common emotional responses to pain?
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fear, guilt, anger, helplessness, and lonliness
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what factors influence behavioral responses to pain
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Sociocultural - through interaction with family and social support groups
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