Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The process that turns chemical energy into usable energy is: ____ |
Oxidative Metabolism
|
|
|
Oxidative Metabolism refers to what process?
|
Turning chemical energy into biologically usable energy
|
|
|
What component of the body triggers the diaphragm to breathe when CO2 levels are too high?
|
Reflex Respiratory Centers
|
|
|
The Reflect Respiratory Centers are located: ____________
|
In the brain
|
|
|
Which determines when it is time for the body to breathe: low oxygen levels, high CO2 levels, or both?
|
High CO2 levels
|
|
|
The volume of air breathed in and out with each breath is called the: ___________
|
Tidal Volume
|
|
|
What is the tidal volume?
|
The volume of air breathed in and out with each breath
|
|
|
The portion of the tidal volume that is plays no part in respiration is called the: ___________
|
Dead air space
|
|
|
What is the dead air space?
|
The portion of the tidal volume that is plays no part in respiration.
|
|
|
What increases the dead air space?
|
Equipment such as snorkels and regulator hoses.
|
|
|
What is another term for holding your breath?
|
Apnea
|
|
|
What is apnea?
|
Holding your breath.
|
|
|
During apnea how does the body metabolize?
|
Using the oxygen in the lungs and blood.
|
|
|
What is bradycardia?
|
The slowing of the heart in cool water. Does not reduce O2 consumption in humans.
|
|
|
The slowing of the heart in cool water is called ____________
|
Bradycardia
|
|
|
What do the carotid sinus receptors do?
|
Slow the heart rate in response to increased blood pressure (such as from tight wetsuits)
|
|
|
Where are the carotid sinus receptors located?
|
In the neck.
|
|
|
Which stimulates breathing, the carotid sinus receptors or the reflex respiratory receptors?
|
The reflex respiratory receptors, in response to elevated CO2 levels in the blood.
|
|
|
What is the carotid sinus reflex?
|
The slowing of the heart rate due to perceived high blood pressure by carotid-sinus receptors. Aggravated by tight suits and hoods. Results in slowing of heart rate in cascade.
|
|
|
What are HIGH CO2 levels called?
|
Hypercapnia.
|
|
|
What are LOW CO2 levels called?
|
Hypocapnia.
|
|
|
What causes hypercapnia?
|
Excess CO2 levels brought on by dead air space, skip breathing, shallow rapid breathing, or overexertion.
|
|
|
What are the effects of hypercapnia?
|
Headache, confusion, possibly loss of consciousness.
|
|
|
What causes hypocapnia?
|
Low CO2 levels due to over-hyperventilating. Can result in shallow water blackout.
|
|
|
What are the steps in shallow water blackout?
|
(1) Excess hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. (2) Body consumes O2, doesn't feel need to breathe due to hypocapnia. (3) At depth, high partial pressure of O2 allows O2 to be bound to hemoglobin, everything fine. (4) When ascending, loss of partial pressure results in no O2 carried by blood, resulting in unconsciousness.
|
|
|
Why does carbon monoxide (CO) cause poisoning?
|
CO binds much more readily than O2 with hemoglobin, blocking O2 uptake.
|
|
|
When is carbon monoxide poisoning usually seen?
|
On ascent. At depth some O2 is still in blood plasma, usable by body due to high partial pressure. On ascent, drop in partial pressure results in unconsciousness.
|
|
|
What are signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
|
Headache, confusion, narrow vision, bright red lips/nails.
|
|
|
What are the two types of oxygen toxicity?
|
CNS, or Central Nervous System toxicity, and pulmonary toxicity.
|
|
|
Which of the two types of oxygen toxicity is more dangerous?
|
CNS, or Central Nervous System toxicity, is much more dangerous than pulmonary toxicity.
|
|
|
What causes CNS oxygen toxicity?
|
High partial pressures of oxygen, particularly over 1.6, with 1.4-1.6 as a "gray area".
|
|
|
What are the effects of CNS oxygen toxicity?
|
Visual disturbances, ear ringing, nausea, muscle twitching, irratibility, dizzyness, convulsions.
|
|
|
High partial pressures of oxygen, particularly over 1.6, cause what condition?
|
CNS oxygen toxicity.
|
|
|
Convulsions are a symptom of what condition?
|
CNS oxygen toxicity.
|
|
|
What condition is caused by prolonged exposure to high oxygen levels?
|
Pulmonary Toxicity.
|
|
|
What causes pulmonary toxicity?
|
Prolonged exposure to high oxygen levels.
|
|
|
Is pulmonary toxicity dangerous?
|
It is not considered life threatening.
|
|
|
Is CNS oxygen toxicity dangerous?
|
Yes, it is immediately life threatening.
|
|
|
What are silent bubbles?
|
Very small bubbles detectable by Doppler ultrasound flow meters.
|
|
|
What are the bubbles detected by Doppler ultrasound flow meters called?
|
Silent Bubbles.
|
|
|
Which is the blanket term, Decompression Illness or Decompression Sickness?
|
Decompression Illness.
|
|
|
What are the two components of Decompression Illness?
|
Decompression Sickness (DCS) and Lung Overexpansion Injury.
|
|
|
What are the two types of DCS?
|
Type 1 - Pain Only
Type 2 - Serious |
|
|
What are contributing factors to DCS?
|
Excess fat tissue, age, dehydration, injuries, alcohol, excess CO2, cold water, heavy exercise, altitude. All these factors are based on changes to circulation that result in disruption to N2 elimination.
|
|
|
What are four types of lung overexpansion injuries?
|
Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE)
Pneumothorax Mediastinal Emphysema Subcutaneous Emphysema |
|
|
What causes lung overexpansion injuries?
|
Holding breath on ascent, or local blockage due to loss of surfactant (often due to smoking) preventing bronchioles from adhering shut.
|
|
|
What is an Arterial Gas Embolism?
|
When air bubbles enter the bloodstream due to a lung overexpansion injury. If bubbles reach the brain they become a cerebral air embolism.
|
|
|
In a lung overexpansion injury, if the gas bubbles enter the blood, what is the condition called?
|
An arterial gas embolism (AGE).
|
|
|
What is surfactant?
|
A fluid produced by alveoli that help to prevent alveoli from expanding too far. Loss of surfactant due to smoking can impair the body's ability to resist lung overexpansion injuries.
|
|
|
What is pneumothorax?
|
When air bubbles enter the space between the lungs and the chest wall due to a lung overexpansion injury. Can lead to a collapsed lung.
|
|
|
In a lung overexpansion injury, if the gas bubbles enter the space between the lungs and the chest wall, what is the condition called?
|
Pneumothorax.
|
|
|
What is mediastinal emphysema?
|
When air bubbles enter the space above the heart due to a lung overexpansion injury.
|
|
|
In a lung overexpansion injury, if the gas bubbles enter the space above the heart, what is the condition called?
|
Mediastinal emphysema.
|
|
|
What is Subcutaneous Emphysema?
|
When air bubbles are present under the skin due to a lung overexpansion injury.
|
|
|
When air bubbles are present under the skin due to a lung overexpansion injury, what is this condition called?
|
Subcutaneous Emphysema.
|
|
|
What is barotrauma?
|
Damage to the body to due to pressure.
|
|
|
What is damage to body tissues due to pressure called?
|
Barotrauma.
|
|
|
Type 1 DCS is characterized by _______ and is usually seen in _____, ______ and ______.
|
Pain only
Limbs, joints, skin. |
|
|
If a diver has pain in limbs, joints or the skin after a dive, what condition is suspected?
|
Type 1 DCS
|
|
|
Is Type 1 DCS life threatening?
|
No, though it should be treated immediately.
|
|
|
Is Type 2 DCS life threatening?
|
Yes.
|
|
|
What are symptoms of Type 2 DCS?
|
Numbness, tingling, paralysis, weakness, unconsciousness, death.
|
|
|
What is the treatment for DCS?
|
Give pure O2 (or nitrox if not available)
If breathing, place in rescue position (left side), don't sit up If not breathing, place on back and begin CPR Activate EMS Get to chamber |
|
|
If a diver experiences numbness, tingling, paralysis, or weakness after a dive, what condition should be suspected?
|
Type 2 DCS - begin treatment immediately.
|
|
|
What causes narcosis?
|
Any inert gas, possibly by interfering with impulse transmission in nerves. Expected at 100'.
|
|
|
Is narcosis only caused by nitrogen?
|
No, any inert gas (e.g., argon) can cause narcosis.
|
|
|
At what depth is narcosis usually seen?
|
100'.
|
|
|
What are some physiological responses to heat?
|
Perspiring, dialation of skin, rapid pulse.
|
|
|
If a diver is perspiring, has dilation of skin,is breathing rapidly, has cool, clammy skin, or a weak, rapid pulse, what condition should be suspected?
|
Heat exhaustion.
|
|
|
What is heat exhaustion?
|
When the body's cooling mechanisms are working at 100%.
|
|
|
What are signs/symptoms of heat exhaustion?
|
Weak, rapid breathing; weak, rapid pulse; cool, clammy skin; profuse sweating; dehydration; nausea.
|
|
|
What is heatstroke?
|
The body's cooling mechanisms have failed. Life threatening.
|
|
|
What are signs/symptoms of heatstroke?
|
Pulse strong and rapid, no perspiration, skin flushed and hot, brain damage possible.
|
|
|
Which is more serious, heat exhaustion or heat stroke?
|
Heat stroke.
|
|
|
What is vasoconstriction?
|
Reduced blood flow to extremeties in response to cold.
|
|
|
What is reduced blood flow to extremeties in response to cold called?
|
Vasoconstriction.
|
|
|
What is hypothermia?
|
When the body is chilled below desirable temperatures. In extreme cases cooling fails, temps drop uncontrollably. Shivering stops, vasoconstriction stops, blood rushes to skin, core temp drops, mental processes slow, unconsciousness and death follow.
|
|
|
What condition should be expected if shivering stops in a cold diver?
|
Type 3 (extreme) hypothermia. Death can set in in minutes.
|
|
|
What are the three parts of the ear?
|
Outer ear - external ear and ear canal.
Middle ear - eardrum to ossicles, including Eustachian tubes. Inner ear - the oval window (where ossicles connect, the round window, and the cochlea, which transmits nerve impulses to the brain. |
|
|
What are the ossicles?
|
Tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound to the cochlea.
|
|
|
What is the cochlea?
|
Structure in the inner ear that transforms sound pressure into nerve impulses.
|
|
|
What is the oval window?
|
Structure of the cochlea in the inner ear where the ossicles in the middle ear connect to the inner ear.
|
|
|
What is the round window?
|
Structure of the cochlea in the inner ear that moves in sympathetic vibration with the oval window. Can rupture.
|
|
|
Which can rupture, the oval window or the round window?
|
The round window.
|
|
|
What is a squeeze?
|
An unequalized air space.
|
|
|
What is a middle ear squeeze?
|
When the middle ear fills with blood and fluid in response to unequalized pressure during descent. Hearing is reduced, needs to be professionally checked.
|
|
|
What is an eardrum rupture?
|
The eardrum flexes in during descent and the middle ear cannot fill with blood and fluid fast enough, causing the eardrum to rupture. Requires medical attention since contaminated water enters middle ear.
|
|
|
What is vertigo as it relates to diving?
|
When the ear drum ruptures, cold eater entering vestibular canals cause a loss of a sense of direction and dizziness.
|
|
|
What is a reverse squeeze?
|
On ascent, if cold medicine has worn off and Eustachian tubes become blocked, pressure builds outward on the eardrum from the middle ear. Descend and try to work out pressure. Can also pinch nose and inhale (not exhale) to loosen tube blockage.
|
|
|
What is a round window rupture?
|
Caused by delayed equalization, followed by overly forceful valsalva maneuver. Diver fails to equalize, eardrum pushes in, ossicles push on oval window, causing round window to flex. Diver does very hard Valsalva, overequalizes pressure into the middle ear through Eustachian tubes,which bursts round window. Very serious.
|
|
|
What is a sinus squeeze?
|
Unequalized sinuses may fill with fluid and blood which appears in mask. Looks very serious. Heals on its own.
|
|
|
What is a lung squeeze?
|
Squeeze on lungs caused by breathhold descents with partial or low air in lungs.
|
|
|
How much faster does water conduct heat than air?
|
20 times.
|
