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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Epidemiology. |
The study of the distribution and determinants of health relatedevents (disease) and the application to improve the health of thepopulation. |
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Define Primary prevention, Secondary prevention and Tertiary prevention |
• Primary prevention - Aims to avoid the development of a disease - Health promotion • Secondary prevention - Early disease detection, thereby increasing opportunities forinterventions to prevent progression of the disease/emergenceof symptoms - Screening • Tertiary prevention - Reduces the negative impact of an already established diseaseby restoring function and reducing disease-related complications |
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Define Prevalence and Incidence. |
• Prevalence: Total number of cases • Incidence: Number of new cases |
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Define physical activity and exercise. |
Physical activity: any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energyexpenditure Exercise: A subset of physical activity defined as “planned, structured and repetitive bodilymovement done to improve or maintain one or more components of fitness” |
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What are the components of health related and performance related fitness? |
Components of health related fitness - Cardio -respiratory fitness (aerobic) - Muscular endurance - Muscular strength Components of performance related fitness - Muscular power - Speed - Agility - Balance - Reaction time |
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Based on scientific evidence, how has PA affeced Diabetes II? |
Results from meta-analysis of 14 trials (pre-2001) − Exercise was effective in improving glucose tolerance − No greater weight loss in physically active groups compared with controls − PA beneficial on its own, not merely an avenue for weight loss. Results from 9 controlled trials (post-2001) − All PA interventions significantly improved glucose tolerance. − In most of these studies, improved glucose tolerance was independent of bodyweight change. Summary: PA may be effective in preventing T2D independent of weight loss |
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Based on scientific evidence, how ha PA affected cancer? |
Updating the evidence that PA is good for you (Bauman, 2004) − Strongest evidence for breast cancer and colon cancer − “there [is] a 30-40% risk reduction for colon cancer, and the evidence forbreast cancer was also moderately strong… but the evidence for othercancers (prostate, endometrial, ovarian, lung or, renal cancer) wasweaker or inconsistent” Development of evidence-based PA recommendations (Brown et al., 2012) − For breast and colon cancer, reduction in risk requires higherparticipation than recommended amounts - One hour per day confers greater risk reduction than 30 minutes perday Summary: −Moderate evidence for colon and breast cancers but other cancersweak/inconsistent − Large PA dose to confer benefits |
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Bsed on scientific evidence, how has PA affected mental health? |
Development of evidence-based PA recommendations (Brown et al., 2012) − No strong evidence for benefits of PA for people with no mental healthproblems − Benefits strongest for those with mild-moderate poor mental health Summary: − Poor quality evidence with methodological limitations − May be confounding effects |
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What was the first PA recommendation? |
Every adult should accumulate 150-300 minutes of PA/week at least 5 times a week or more in moderte intensity. |
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What are the "new" PA recommendations? |
All healthy adults aged 18-65 need − Moderate intensity aerobic (endurance) PA for a minimumof 30 min on five days each week OR− Vigorous intensity aerobic PA for a minimum of 20 min onthree days each week − Combinations of moderate and vigorous PA can beperformed− 30 min can be accumulated in 15 minute bouts − Activities that maintain or increase muscular strength &endurance a minimum of two days each week |
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Why isn't pedometer data well correlated to self-recorded data? |
People tend to only write down planned exerice and underrate incidental, every day activity. Pedometers measure EVERY step you take. |
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What and why are we measuring PA? |
What: • Intensity • Type • Domain • Frequency • Duration Why: • Epidemiological research • Correlates and determinants research • Monitor PA levels in populations • Assess impact and effectiveness of interventions (evaluation) |
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What is METs used for and what is 1 MET? |
Used to estimate the cost of physical activity relative resting metabolicrate. 1 MET = 3.5ml O2/ kg body mass / min 1 MET = resting metabolic rate |
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Describe the objective types of measurements of PA. |
Pedometers: * Small, unobtrusive devise worn or carried on the person * Basic device about $20 each * Used for assessing motion by counting steps * Some also measure distance and calories but with questionable validity Accelerometers: * Large memory capacity for monitoring and storage of temporalpatterns of PA over short time intervals * Each acceleration/deceleration is recorded as an activity count * User/researcher can set time intervals (epochs) * Activity counts are summed and stored at the end of each interval |
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How many steps a day should adults take? |
* <5000 steps/day = sedentary * 5000-7499 steps/day = low active * 7500-9999 steps/day = somewhat active * > 10000 steps/day = sufficiently active * >12 500 steps/day = highly active |
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What are pros and cons using pedometers? |
Pros: *Lower cost objective measure *Total volume of PA Cons: * Reactivity * Insensitive to some forms ofPA (e.g. swimming, cycling) * No data on frequency,intensity, duration PA* Step counts influenced bybody size and speed oflocomotion – thereforeissues with children andolder adults |
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Pros and cons with accelerometers? |
Pros: * Intensity captured: Compute moderate &vigorous using cutpoints * Can be sealed units: Less reactivity * Longer memory torecord data Cons: * Cost ($150 each) * Complex data- Issues with epochs &cut points * Not all activity isreflected in accelerationand deceleration e.g.load carriage |
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Pros and cons using objective measurements? |
Advantages * Avoid human issues * Capture incidentalPA * Better estimates ofenergy expenditure Disadvantages * Can be expensive * No data on types ofPA * Difficult to use withlarge studies |
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Describe the types of self-reported measurements of PA |
Diaries: * Detailed account of all PAperformed * “Data rich” * Intensive effort required byparticipant/client * Reactivity can be aconcern * Data analysis labourintensive – need to convertintensity and duration into METS Recall Surveys: * Self-completed or interview administered * Telephone, mail or face-to-face * Recall periods range from 1 day to lifetime * Unobtrusive, non-reactive * Most popular tool for population surveys & epidemiologicalstudies * Subject to recall problems & overestimation |
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Pros and cons with self reported measurements of PA? |
Advantages * Can be used withmany samples * Relatively cheap * Quantitative andqualitative info * Low participant burden * Quick(ish) * Can estimate energyexpenditure Disadvantages * Recall and other biases * Less reliable thanobjective * Validity issues |
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Corelates vs Determinants |
Correlates: Statistic. We can tell what correlates to the other, but not why or the irection of relationship. Easy to obtain. Determinants: Can't say something depends on the other, but can tell why and the direction of the association. Expensive and hard to come by. |
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What are the correlates to PA in children and adolecents? |
Children * Sex = Male * Time outdoors * Self-efficacy Adolescents * Sex = Male * Ethic origin = white * Self efficacy *Parental/family support * Friend/significant othersupport |
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Define Physical culture |
Everything involved in maintaining, representing and regulating the body which constitute sport, recreation and exercise. − Following sports teams or athletes − Food/drink advertising (e.g. Milo, Weetbix) − Health and fitness advertising − Sports brand clothing |
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What is discourse? |
Something we hear every day and don't question. − Not just language − Socially and historically constructed knowledge − Taken for granted, spoken of in terms of truth− Influences beliefs and behaviours |
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what is BMI? |
body mas index. BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)2 The original paper warned against using BMI for individualdiagnoses as it ignores gender and age which affect how BMIrelates to health |
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what is healtism discourse? problems with it? |
* Healthism discourses promote a slim/toned body as a ‘healthy’ body,and that the slim/toned body (dominant) is a ‘measure’ of one’s health. * This is problematic because people take up unhealthy practices in orderto obtain the dominant body type * Healthism discourses ascribe certain meanings to certain body shapes |
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describe the five action areas in the Ottawa charter |
1. Building healthy public policy - Educating policies - Safe roads, parks, public transport - Taxation and insurance - Urban development 2. Create supportive environments for health - Safe roads, parks - Speed limit close to walkways 3. Strengthen community action for health - Get people together - Programs - Involve community so tht they keep going 4. Develop personal skills - Education - Changing behviour pattern 5. Re-orient health services - Start preventing instead of treating/curng |
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how has apps worked in PA? |
* Health promoting apps generally lack the use of behaviour changetheories * On average 5/23 behaviour change techniques are incorporated intoapps * Most frequently used: goal setting, self-monitoring, and feedback * No difference between paid and free apps |
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difference between positivist and constructivist? |
• Positivist/Empiricist: * What is knowable is directly observable, measurable and quantifiable * Focus on testing hypotheses based on the study of observable patterns and statisticalassociations * Objectivity * Reliability * Prediction / control • Constructivist * What is known is only in and via the mind * We ‘construct’ our own realities * Focus on understanding the world of meanings |
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what is critical thinking in PA? |
• Informed by historical perspective/analysis * Moves back and forward from the personal/individual to the social/structural to show thedialectical relationship between the two * Looks for the root causes of health and social problems embedded in social structures andsocial practices * Attends to the broader socio-historical context within which health and illness are created andwithin which we live and work |
