P262 Lecture Exam 1

Front 1

What becomes the cerebrum during embryonic development?

Back 1

Telecephalon

Front 2

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Back 2

Longitudinal fissure

Front 3

What joins together the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Back 3

Corpus callosum

Front 4

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

Back 4

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Occipital

4. Temporal

5. Insula

Front 5

What part of the cerebrum is involved with

with voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression?

Back 5

Frontal lobe

Front 6

What part of the cerebrum is involved with receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses, taste, and some visual processing?

Back 6

Parietal lobe

Front 7

What part of the cerebrum is the primary visual center of the brain?

Back 7

Occipital lobe

Front 8

What part of the cerebrum is concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion?

Back 8

Temporal lobe

Front 9

What separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?

Back 9

Lateral sulcus

Front 10

What part of the cerebrum is deep to the lateral sulcus, and plays a role in understanding spoken languages, sense of taste, and integrating sensory information from visual receptors?

Back 10

Insula lobe

Front 11

What type of matter makes up most of the volume of the cerebrum?

Back 11

White matter

Front 12

What are the three types of tracts formed from the myelinated nerve fibers in the cerebrum?

Back 12

1. Projection

2. Commissural

3. Association

Front 13

What two things make up myelination in white matter?

Back 13

1. Axons

2. Tracts

Front 14

What two things make up the unmyelinated areas in gray matter?

Back 14

1. Dendrites that contain synapses

2. Cell bodies

Front 15

What type of matter contains the integrating areas, which are important for processing information?

Back 15

Gray matter

Front 16

What type of tracts extend vertically between the brain and spinal cord centers, and carry information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body; corticospinal tract?

Back 16

Projection tracts

Front 17

What type of tracts cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other and enable the two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other?

Back 17

Commissural tracts

Front 18

What is the name for the brides that the commissural tracts pass through?

Back 18

Commissures

Front 19

What is the name of the main commissure that most commissural tracts pass through?

Back 19

Corpus callosum

Front 20

What type of tracts connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere linking perceptual and memory centers of the brain?

Back 20

Association tracts

Front 21

What type of fibers in an association tract connect different lobes of a hemisphere to each other?

Back 21

Long association fibers

Front 22

What type of fibers in an association tract connect different gyri within a single lobe?

Back 22

Short association fibers

Front 23

What type of matter is neural integration carried out in?

Back 23

Gray matter

Front 24

What are the three places in gray matter where neural integration is carried out?

Back 24

1. Cerebral cortex

2. Basal nuclei

3. Limbic system

Front 25

What layer covers the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, and accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain?

Back 25

Cerebral cortex

Front 26

What are the two types of neurons found in the cerebral cortex?

Back 26

1. Stellate cells

2. Pyramidal cells

Front 27

What type of neuron found in the cerebral cortex is involved with receiving sensory input and processing information on a local level; star shaped cells?

Back 27

Stellate cells

Front 28

What type of neuron found in the cerebral cortex are the only cerebral neurons whose fibers leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS; triangle shaped cells with axon collaterals that synapse with other neurons in the cortex?

Back 28

Pyramidal cells

Front 29

What is the six layered tissue that makes up about 90% of the human cerebral cortex?

Back 29

Neocortex

Front 30

Which layer of the neocortex is thickest in sensory regions; contains several stellate cells?

Back 30

Layer 4

Front 31

Which layer of the neocortex is thickest in motor regions; contains several pyramidal cells?

Back 31

Layer 5

Front 32

What are the three layers where all axons that leave the cortex and enter the white matter arise from?

Back 32

Layers 3, 5, and 6

Front 33

What are masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter and lateral to the thalamus that are important for voluntary muscle movement and motor control?

Back 33

Basal nuclei

Front 34

What are the three brain centers that make up the basal nuclei?

Back 34

1. Caudate nucleus

2. Putamen

3. Globus Pallidus

Front 35

What is an important center of emotion and learning, is involved in gratification and aversion, and is considered bilateral?

Back 35

Limbic system

Front 36

What are the three components found in the limbic system?

Back 36

1. Cingulate gyrus

2. Hippocampus

3. Amygdala

Front 37

What component of the limbic system is involved with memory and learning?

Back 37

Hippocampus

Front 38

What component of the limbic system is involved with strong emotion and any damage to this can cause a "flattened" response?

Back 38

Amygdala

Front 39

What type of brain functions concern sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language?

Back 39

Higher brain function

Front 40

What are rhythmic voltage changes resulting from synchronized postsynaptic potentials in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex?

Back 40

Brain waves

Front 41

What is useful in studying normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness, and in diagnosing degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, and trauma?

Back 41

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Front 42

What occurs when there is a complete and persistent absence of brain waves?

Back 42

Brain death

Front 43

What are the four types of brain waves?

Back 43

1. Alpha

2. Beta

3. Theta

4. Delta

Front 44

What type of waves dominate the EEG when a person is awake and resting with the eyes closed and the mind wandering, are suppressed when a person opens their eyes and receives sensory stimulation, and are absent during deep sleep; quick waves?

Back 44

Alpha waves

Front 45

What type of waves are accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation; bursts of waves?

Back 45

Beta waves

Front 46

What type of waves are normal in children and drowsy or sleeping adults, and if present in awake adults suggests emotional stress or brain disorders; slow frequency high amplitude?

Back 46

Theta waves

Front 47

What type of waves are exhibited in awake infants and in deep sleeping adults, and if present in awake adults suggests severe brain damage; slow waves high amplitude?

Back 47

Delta waves

Front 48

What is a temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated?

Back 48

Sleep

Front 49

What type of nervous system is very active during REM sleep?

Back 49

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 50

What is produced by a small group of neurons in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus that strongly stimulate wakefulness and elevate the metabolic rate, and if blocked can induce a sleep disorder called narcolepsy?

Back 50

Orexin

Front 51

What is the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge; sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, memory, imagination, and intuition?

Back 51

Cognition

Front 52

What type of senses are limited to the head and employ relatively complex sense organs?

Back 52

Special senses

Front 53

What are the five special senses?

Back 53

1. Vision

2. Hearing

3. Equilibrium

4. Taste

5. Smell

Front 54

What type of senses are distributed all over the body and employ relatively simple receptors?

Back 54

General senses

Front 55

What are the six general senses?

Back 55

1. Touch

2. Pressure

3. Stretch

4. Temperature

5. Pain

6. Movement

Front 56

For general senses, where does the awareness of a stimulation occur?

Back 56

Somatosensory cortex

Front 57

What is a point to point mapping system between an area of the body and an area of the CNS?

Back 57

Somatotopy

Front 58

Where is the primary somatosensory area located?

Back 58

Postcentral gyrus

Front 59

What are the sites where we plan our behavior, where neurons compile a program for the degree and sequence of muscle contractions required for an action?

Back 59

Motor association area

Front 60

Where is the primary motor area located?

Back 60

Precentral gyrus

Front 61

What are the pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus called?

Back 61

Upper motor neurons

Front 62

What type of cells have axons that innervate the skeletal muscles?

Back 62

Lower motor neurons

Front 63

Lesions to what part of the brain causes movement disorders like dyskinesias and parkinsons?

Back 63

Basal nuclei

Front 64

Lesions to what part of the brain can result in a clumsy gait, making climbing the stairs almost impossible?

Back 64

Cerebellum

Front 65

What area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language?

Back 65

Wernicke area

Front 66

What area of the cerebral cortex is concerned with the production of speech?

Back 66

Broca area

Front 67

What is any language deficit resulting from legions in the hemisphere containing the Wernicke and Broca areas?

Back 67

Aphasia

Front 68

If a person can understand what is going on around them but cannot formulate their own actions or responses, what area would have been damaged?

Back 68

Broca area

Front 69

If a person can generate words but they do not make any sense, what area would have been damaged?

Back 69

Wernicke area

Front 70

What is the term for the two hemispheres of the brain differing in their functions, neither being dominant but specialized for certain tasks?

Back 70

Cerebral lateralization

Front 71

Which hemisphere is specialized for spoken and written language and for sequential and analytical reasoning?

Back 71

Left hemisphere

Front 72

Which hemisphere perceives information in a more integrated way, is the seat of imagination and insight, musical and artistic skills, perception of patterns and spatial relationships, and comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and tastes?

Back 72

Right hemisphere

Front 73

What is another name for the left hemisphere?

Back 73

Categorical hemisphere

Front 74

What is another name for the right hemisphere?

Back 74

Representational hemisphere

Front 75

What is a motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle?

Back 75

Autonomic nervous system

Front 76

What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?

Back 76

Visceral motor system

Front 77

What are the two primary target areas of the ANS?

Back 77

1. Thoracic cavity

2. Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 78

What occurs if the somatic nerves to a skeletal muscle are severed; no longer functions?

Back 78

Flaccid paralysis

Front 79

What occurs if the autonomic nerves to cardiac or smooth muscle are severed; exaggerated response?

Back 79

Denervation hypersensitivity

Front 80

What are unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation, and occur at a slower response time?

Back 80

Reflex

Front 81

What four things do visceral receptors detect?

Back 81

1. Stretch

2. Tissue damage

3. Blood chemicals

4. Body temperature

Front 82

What is the visceral reflex arc pathway?

Back 82

Receptors -> Afferent neurons to CNS -> Interneurons in CNS -> Efferent neurons from CNS -> Effectors

Front 83

What two systems make up the ANS, innervate the same target organs, and have either cooperative or contrasting effects on them?

Back 83

1. Sympathetic system

2. Parasympathetic system

Front 84

What division of the ANS is considered the "fight or flight" division by adapting the body for physical activity, while reducing blood flow to the skin and digestive tract?

Back 84

Sympathetic division

Front 85

What division of the ANS is considered the "rest and digest" division by having a calming effect on body functions, while keeping up with normal body maintenance like digestion and waste elimination?

Back 85

Parasympathetic division

Front 86

What is the term for the rate of activity balances between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions in accordance with the body's changing needs?

Back 86

Autonomic tone

Front 87

How many nerve fibers are present in order for a signal to reach its target organ in the ANS?

Back 87

2

Front 88

What is the name for the neuron that leads from a soma in the brainstem or spinal cord to the autonomic ganglion in the ANS?

Back 88

Preganglionic fiber

Front 89

What is the name for the neuron that leads from the autonomic ganglion to the target cells in the ANS?

Back 89

Postganglionic fiber

Front 90

What nervous system controls the digestive tract, does not arise from the brain stem or spinal cord, and is considered a self contained system?

Back 90

Enteric nervous system

Front 91

What five things does the parasympathetic system do?

Back 91

1. Salivation

2. Lacrimation

3. Urination

4. Digestion

5. Defication

Front 92

What two regions does the sympathetic division arise from?

Back 92

1. Thoracic region

2. Lumbar region

Front 93

What type of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers does the sympathetic division have?

Back 93

Short preganglionic

Long postganglionic

Front 94

What is a longitudinal series of ganglia that lie adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column from the cervical and coccygeal level, and are where the axons of the sympathetic division exit?

Back 94

Sympathetic chain

Front 95

Are preganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated, and how do they travel from the spinal nerve to the ganglion in the sympathetic division?

Back 95

Myelinated

White communicating ramus

Front 96

Are postganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated, and how do they leave the ganglion in the sympathetic division?

Back 96

Unmyelinated

Gray communicating ramus

Front 97

What route in the sympathetic division involves the postganglionic fibers exiting a ganglion via the gray ramus, returns to the spinal nerve, and travels the rest of the way to the target organ; sweat glands, Piloerector muscles, and blood vessels?

Back 97

Spinal nerve route

Front 98

What route in the sympathetic division involves postganglionic fibers leaving by way of sympathetic nerves that extend to the heart, lungs, esophagus, and thoracic blood vessels forming a carotid plexus in the neck and effectors in the head?

Back 98

Sympathetic nerve route

Front 99

What route in the sympathetic division involves fibers that arise from the spinal nerves passing through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing continuing as splanchnic nerves leading to a second set of ganglia called contralateral ganglia, which is where the preganglionic and the postganglionic fibers synapse with each other?

Back 99

Splanchnic nerve route

Front 100

What occurs when each postganglionic neuron receives synapses from multiple preganglionic fibers?

Back 100

Neural convergence

Front 101

What occurs when each preganglionic fiber branches and synapses with multiple postganglionic neurons?

Back 101

Neural divergence

Front 102

What makes up the outer layer of the adrenal gland and secretes steroid hormones?

Back 102

Adrenal cortex

Front 103

What makes up the inner layer of the adrenal gland and is considered a sympathetic ganglion?

Back 103

Adrenal medulla

Front 104

What are the two main hormones that the adrenal medulla secretes when stimulated?

Back 104

Epinephrine (85%)

Norepinephrine (15%)

Front 105

What two areas does the parasympathetic division arise from?

Back 105

1. Brain

2. Sacral region

Front 106

What type of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers does the parasympathetic division have?

Back 106

Long preganglionic

Short postganglionic

Front 107

What nerve carries about 90% of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

Back 107

Vegas nerve (X)

Front 108

What are the two neurotransmitters that all autonomic nerve fibers secrete?

Back 108

1. Acetylcholine

2. Norepinehprine

Front 109

What type of nerve fiber secretes ACh, and what type of receptor binds to ACh?

Back 109

Cholinergic

Front 110

What are the two categories of cholinergic receptors?

Back 110

1. Muscarinic receptors

2. Nicotinic receptors

Front 111

What type of nerve fiber secretes NE, and what type of receptor binds to NE?

Back 111

Adrenergic

Front 112

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

Back 112

1. A-adrenergic receptors

2. B-adrenergic receptors

Front 113

Which ANS division has longer lasting effects?

Back 113

Sympathetic

Front 114

What is the term for actions that oppose each other?

Back 114

Antagonistic effects

Front 115

What is the term for when two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified overall effect?

Back 115

Cooperative effects

Front 116

What is the term used when blood vessels are in a constant state of partial constriction?

Back 116

Vasomotor tone

Front 117

Are blood vessels under sympathetic control, parasympathetic control, or both?

Back 117

Sympathetic control ONLY

Front 118

What is any structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus?

Back 118

Receptor

Front 119

What are the two categories of receptors?

Back 119

1. Simple (heat and pain)

2. Sense organ

Front 120

What is a structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus?

Back 120

Sense organ

Front 121

What is the conversion of one form of energy to another; light, sound, heat, and touch into nerve signals?

Back 121

Transduction

Front 122

What are the four types of information that sensory receptors transmit?

Back 122

1. Modality

2. Location

3. Intensity

4. Duration

Front 123

What refers to the type of stimulus or the sensation it produces?

Back 123

Modality

Front 124

What is the term for information that goes to a particular area of the brain following a particular pathway?

Back 124

Labeled line coding

Front 125

What is the term for any sensory neuron that detects stimuli within an area?

Back 125

Receptive field

Front 126

What is the term for the ability of the brain to identify the site of stimulation?

Back 126

Sensory projection

Front 127

What is the name for the pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destinations in the CNS?

Back 127

Projection pathways

Front 128

What occurs during intensity if a stimulus intensity rises?

Back 128

The firing frequency of nerve fibers rise

Front 129

If there is a large number of nerve fibers firing is the stimulus large or small?

Back 129

Large

Front 130

What type of nerve fibers do weak stimuli activate?

Back 130

Sensitive nerve fibers

Front 131

What type of nerve fibers do strong stimuli activate?

Back 131

Less sensitive nerve fibers

Front 132

What are the three ways intensity is coded by?

Back 132

1. Which fibers are firing (threshold)

2. How many fibers are firing (recruitment)

3. How fast the fibers are firing (frequency)