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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Virus?
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acellular, obligate intracellular parasite
no ADP, ATP, free amino acids, or sugars must reproduce inside a host cell lack enzymes for synthesizing proteins |
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How are viruses different from other pathogens?
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-acellular
-reproduce via assembly process -contains DNA or RNA, not both -viruses are haploid (except retroviruses) |
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What are capsomers?
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identical protein subunits that surround the genome in viruses
helical or icosahedral |
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viruses without symmetrical geometries
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poxviruses and reovirus
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What do you call a virus before genomic analysis
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isolate
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Differentiate:
-Strain -Type -Variant |
Strain- same virus but isolated from different patients or geographical locations
Type- same virus but responding differently to antibody detection (serotypes) Variant- virus whose phenotype differs from wild-type |
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Does RNA or DNA have a higher rate of mutation and why?
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RNA has no proofreading; therefore, it has higher rate of mutation
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Recombination
vs Reassortment |
Recombination- genetic information is exchanged between two distinct genomes
Reassortment- exchange of genetic material between two segmented genomes... entire segments of RNA are exchanged between the two infecting viruses (only in RNA viruses) |
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Describe the life cycle of an animal virus and how long it can take
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Adsorption (recognition and attachment)
Penetration Uncoating Synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins Assembly Release from host cell 8-36 hours (polioviruses-herpesviruses) |
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Describe the three types of penetration
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Direct- only naked viruses, only genetic material enters the host cell
Fusion- only enveloped viruses; viral envelope merges with host cell allowing capsid and genome to enter host cell Endocytosis- both naked and enveloped viruses; internalization of clathrin-coated pits at the cell membrane |
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DNA vs RNA replication location in cells
What are the exceptions? |
DNA- replicates in nucleus
RNA- replicates in cytoplasm Pox virus although DNA replicates in cytoplasm Retrovirus although RNA replicates in nucleus RNA replication is more complex than DNA |
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Production of mRNA from DNA genomes
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transcription of -strand
+ssDNA or +-dsDNA |
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Production of mRNA from RNA genomes
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transcription of -strand, direct use as mRNA, or RT makes DNA from RNA then replicase copies - strand
+-dsRNA and -ssRNA +ssRNA (direct use as mRNA) +ssRNA (make DNA then copy - strand) |
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Release of enveloped vs naked viruses
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Budding- enveloped contains both viral and host proteins
Cell lysis- naked viruses only Exocytosis- virions do NOT acquire a portion of the cell membrane; used for naked and enveloped viruses |
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Name some Cytopathic Effects
aka virus-induced damage |
Inclusion bodies- accumulation of mature virions
Syncytium formation- giant multi-nucleated cell Stopping cellular processes Membrane permeability- allows sodium influx and/or deposits glycoproteins in the outermembrane Lysis- cell breaks down Apoptosis- programmed cell death |
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Name some non-cytopathic effects
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Altered shape
Detachment from the substrate Transformation |
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Serological Methods
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utilize specificity and sensitivity of antigen-antibody interactions
1. Immunofluorescence Microscopy- fluorescent tags attached to antibodies 2. ELISA- enzyme linked immonosorbent assay;enzyme is linked to the secondary antibody and causes a color change when the appropriate substrate is added and is cleaved/digested by the enzyme 3. Western Blot- proteins are extracted from a sample and separated in an acrylamide gel through a process called electrophoresis |
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Molecular Methods
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1. PCR - amplify tissue sample then sequence
2. Nucleic Acid Hybridization- use of complementary DNA or RNA that are linked to a radioactive label |
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Cultivation of Viruses
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1. Live Animal Inoculation
2. Bird embryo inoculation 3. Tissue/cell culture technique |
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Classification Sequence
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Order- virales
Family-viridae Subfamily-virinae Genus- virus Species-disease virus |
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active vs passive immunity
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Active- exposure to antigens (long term) stimulates antibody production
Passive- exposure to antibodies (short term) |
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Name 3 important anti-viral immunoglobin preparations
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1. HBIg (Hepatitis B)
2. VZIg (Varicella zoster) 3. RIg (Rabies) |
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Examples of killed whole cell (Dead bacteria or viruses)
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polio
rabies hepatitis A Rotavirus |
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Examples of Fractional- protein based viruses
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hepatitis B
Influenza HPV |
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What is the national reporting system for vaccine adverse events?
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VAERS
vaccine adverse events reporting system |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:Adenovirus
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Live,attenuated
military personnel |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Hepatitis A |
Inactivated (2 doses)
children 12-23 months |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Hepatitis B |
Inactivated, subunit
newborns, health care workers, high-risk group |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Human Papillomavirus |
Recombinant vaccine
Boys and Girls 9-26 |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Influenza |
Inactivated- >6 months of age
Live (Flumist)- 2-49 years of age who are not pregnant |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Japanese encephalitis |
Inactivated (JE-VAX)- 3 doses
Travelers at risk to exposure children and adolescents <17 |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Measles |
Live, attenuated
Children |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Mumps |
Live, attenuated
Children |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Polio |
Inactivated- Children
Live- no longer administered |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Rabies |
Inactivated
Postexposure prophylaxis, animal handlers, lab workers |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Rotavirus |
Live, attenuated (Rotarix and Rotateq)- 3 doses
infants 6-14 weeks then at 2 and 4 months not older than 8 months |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Rubella |
Live, attenuated
Children |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Smallpox |
Live, attenuated (ACAM2000)
Lab workers only; disease has been eradicated |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Varicella Zoster Virus against Chickenpox |
Live, attenuated (Varivax)
Children |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Varicella Zoster Virus against Zoster |
Live, attenuated (Zostavax)
Individuals >60 years old |
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What are the vaccine components and indications for:
Yellow Fever |
Live, Attenuated
Travelers at risk to exposure, military |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for:HSV and VZV
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Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Valcyclovir (Valtrex) Famciclovir (Famvir) Foscarnet (Foscavir) Trifluridine (Viroptic) n-Docosanol (Abreva) Penciclovir (Denavir) |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for:CMV
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Ganciclovir (Cytovene, Vitrasert)
Valganciclovir (Valcyte) Foscarnet (Fascavir) Cidofovir (Vistide) Fomivirsen (Vitravene) |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for:HHV 8
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INF-alpha (Intron A, Roferon-A)
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for: HPV
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INF-alpha (Alferon N, Intron A)
Imiquimod (Aldara) |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for: HBV
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INF-alpha (Intron A)
Lamivudine (Epivir-HBV) Adefovir (Hepsera) |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for:HCV
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INF-alpha (Intron A)
PEG-INF-alpha (Peg-Intron, Pegasys) INF-alpha + Ribavirin (Rebetron) PEG-INF-alpha and Ribavirin |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for:RSV
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Ribavirin (Virazole)
Palivizumab (Synagis) |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for: Influenza A Virus
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Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Rimantadine (Flumadine) |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for: Influenza B Virus
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Zanamivir (Relenza)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) |
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FDA Approved antiviral drugs for:HIV
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Protease inhibitors
Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) Entry Inhibitors Integrase Inhibitors |
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MOA for: Acyclovir (Zovirax)
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Acyclovir monophosphate is phosphorylated to triphosphate; it can now INTEGRATES ITSELF INTO VIRAL DNA and INHIBITS DNA REPLICATION
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MOA for:Valcyclovir (Valtrex)
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L-valine ester of acyclovir
Valcyclovir is converted to Acyclovir, then INTEGRATES ITSELF INTO VIRAL DNA and INHIBITS DNA REPLICATION Note: better than Acyclovir because less doses required, but no IV form available |
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MOA for: Famciclovir (Famvir)
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Famciclovir is phosphorylated to penciclovir monophosphate which which INHIBITS VIRAL DNA POLYMERASE and thereby INHIBITS DNA REPLICATION
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MOA for: Foscarnet (Foscavir)
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directly inhibits viral enzymes WITHOUT INCORPORATING INTO VIRAL DNA
drug of choice when there is acyclovir or ganciclovir resistance |
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MOA for: Trifluridine (Viroptic)
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MOA unknown but results in non-functional viral proteins
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MOA for: n-docosanol (Abreva)
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PREVENTS VIRAL ENTRY
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MOA for: Ganciclovir (Cytovene, Vitrasert)
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INTEGRATES itself into viral DNA which INHIBITS VIRAL DNA POLYMERASE, thereby INHIBITING VIRAL DNA REPLICATION
Note: penetrates infected and non-infected cells |
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MOA for: Valganciclovir (Valcyte)
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Valganciclovir (prodrug) is converted into Ganciclovir
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MOA for: Cidofovir (Vistide)
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INHIBITS VIRAL DNA SYNTHESIS
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MOA for: Fomivirsen (Vitravene)
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Note: 1st anti-sense drug to be FDA approved
single stranded ANTI-SENSE piece of DNA, complementary to a unique DNA sequence within CMV mRNA. it INHIBITS VIRAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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MOA for: Ribavirin (Virazole)
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PREVENTS NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS
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MOA for: Imiquimod (Aldara)
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TOPICAL IMMUNE MODULATOR
induces cytokines |
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MOA for: Interferon-alpha (Roferon-A, Intron-A, Rebetol, Alferon-N, Wellferon)
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BINDS TO MEMBRANE RECEPTORS on a cell's surface
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MOA for: PEG-INF (Pegasys, Peg-Intron)
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INCREASES HALF LIFE OF INF
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MOA for: Amantadine (Symmetrel)
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interferes with the ION FUNCTION OF THE M2 PROTEIN
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MOA for: Rimantadine (Flumadine)
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alpha-methyl derivative of amantadine
INHIBITS VIRAL REPLICATION and affects VIRAL UNCOATING |
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MOA for: Zanamivir (Relenza)
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NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITOR
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MOA for: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
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prodrug that is hydrolyzed to oseltamivir carboxylate
INHIBITS VIRAL NEURAMINIDASE |
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Nucleoside analog RT Inhibitors
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abacavir
zidovudine didanosine zalcitabine stavudine lamivudine |
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Nucleotide analog RT inhibitors
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tenofovir DF
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Non-Nucleoside analog RT inhibitors
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delavirdine
efavirenz nevirapine |
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Fusion inhibitor
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enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
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Protease inhibitors
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amprenavir
lopinavir nelfinavir saquinavir ritonavir indinavir |
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Integrase Inhibitors
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Raltegravir (Isentress/ RAL)
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MOA of Maraviroc (Selzentry)
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blocks CCR5 to prevent entry of virus into macrophages
CCR-5 co-receptor antagonist |
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MOA of Palivizumab (Synagis)
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Monoclonal Antibody as antiviral
Ab is directed against specific viral surface glycoprotein called the F protein |
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Adenoviruses
capsid: genome: enveloped: latent: transmission: treatment: it causes: |
capsid:Icosahedral
genome:ds DNA, linear enveloped: NO latent: YES transmission: fomites treatment: none it causes: Conjunctivitis and Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) |
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Herpes Simplex Viruses 1&2
capsid: genome: enveloped: latent: transmission: treatment: it causes: |
capsid:Icosahedral
genome:ds DNA, linear enveloped: Yes latent: Yes transmission: Direct contact treatment: Trifluridine (viroptic) Cidofovir Acyclovir and Valacyclovir Lysine supplements have helped prevent HSV outbreaks it causes: Herpes Keratitis (Viroptic) Herpes Whitlow Herpes gladiatorum (acyclovir or valacyclovir) eczema herpeticum (acyclovir or valacyclovir) Herpes encephalitis |
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Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
capsid: genome: enveloped: latent: transmission: treatment: Vaccines it causes: |
capsid: Icosahedral
genome:ds DNA, linear enveloped: Yes latent: Yes transmission: Inhalation treatment: Acyclovir, famcyclovir, valacyclovir Vaccines: Varivax (prevents chicken pox) Zostavax (prevents shingles) It causes: chickpox and shingles (herpes zoster) Postherpetic neuralgia |
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Pox Viruses
capsid: genome: enveloped: latent: transmission: treatment: Vaccines it causes |
capsid:Brick Shaped
genome:ds DNA, linear enveloped: Yes latent: transmission: inhalation and fomites treatment: None vaccines: Dryvax ACAM2000 causes: small pox |
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capsid:
genome: Morbillivirus enveloped: latent: transmission: treatment: symptoms: it causes: vaccine: |
capsid:Helical
genome:-ssRNA, linear enveloped: Yes latent: transmission: inhalation treatment:none symptoms: fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, photophobia *KOPLIK SPOTS- grains of salt surrounded by a red halo it causes: measles 1.pneumonia 2.bacterial secondary infections 3. diarrhea 4. encephalitis leading to deafness or mental retardation * SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) vaccine: MMR |
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Rubivirus
capsid: genome: enveloped: latent: transmission: treatment: symptoms: it causes: vaccine: |
capsid:Icosahedral
genome:+ssRNA, linear enveloped: Yes latent: transmission: inhalation treatment: none symptoms: malaise, mild fever, lymphadenopathy, joint inflammation and pain it causes: CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME (CRS) Vaccine:MMR |
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
capsid: genome: enveloped: latent: transmission: treatment: symptoms: it causes: vaccines: |
capsid:Icosahedral
genome:ds DNA, circular enveloped: No latent: Yes transmission: direct contact or fomites treatment: Imiquimod (Aldara) or Cidofovir symptoms: warts or papillomas it causes: cervical cancer vaccines:Cervarix and Gardasil |
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Molluscum Contagiosum (MC)
capsid: genome: enveloped: latent: symptoms: it causes: vaccines: transmission: treatment: symptoms: vaccines: |
capsid:Brick shaped
genome:ds DNA, linear enveloped: Yes latent: transmission: direct contact or fomites treatment: IV Cidofovir or Imiquimod (Aldara) symptoms: papules or nodules vaccines: none |
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Virus that has the smallest genome of the herpes viruses?
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VZV
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Which virus causes Postherpetic neuralgia, chronic pain syndrome that can last to months or years?
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VZV
treat with acyclovir within 72 hours to prevent Postherpetic neuralgia |
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Largest, most complex virus
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Poxviruses (small pox)
replicate in the cytoplasm instead of nucleus (it is an exception) |
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What are Koplik's spots and what virus causes them?
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appear on the mucous membrane in the inside of the cheek, across the molars
"grains of salt surrounded by a red halo" Caused by Morbillivirus (measles) |
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Virus that kills more than 1 million children each year
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Morbillivirus (Measles)
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What is SSPE?
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is the most serious complication of Morbillivirus (Measles)
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CRS is the most serious outcome due to to which virus?
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Congentital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) can result from Rubella infection
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*sang ju yin wan?
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-WH
1. early stage cc or flu, dry cough |
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What are prions and what do they cause?
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small infectious particles composed solely of proteins
diseases of the brain and nervous system called Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) |
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Name 4 Human prion diseases
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1. Creutzfelt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
2. Kuru 3. Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrom (GSSS) 4. Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) |
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What virus causes Herpes encephalitis and which causes HSV meningitis?
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Herpes encephalitis- HSV 1
HSV meningitis- HSV 2 |
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What is the leading cause of sporadic encephalitis in US adults?
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HSV 1
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What is an arbovirus?
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arthropod borne virus
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Name 4 Arboviruses affecting the nervous system
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1. Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
2. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEEV) 3. West Nile Encephalitis Virus 4. St. Louis Encephalitis |
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Most serious mosquito born disease in the US
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EEEV
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Virus that accounts for the largest number of cases of viral encephalitis in the US
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West Nile Encephalitis (WNE)
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Name the viruses that can be transmitted by a mother's breast milk
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HIV
CMV WNE |
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What is one of the most characteristic symptoms of rabies?
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Hydrophobia
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What test do you perform to be certain that an animal is rabid?
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Direct fluorescent antibody test (dFA) on the brain tissue
animal must be euthanized |
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As many as 100,000 virions may be produced in each host cell, and released by lysis
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Poliovirus
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Polioviurs
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ssRNA
not enveloped highly contagious 3 serotypes |
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Epstein-Barr Virus
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HHV4
latent ds DNA enveloped heterophile positive infectious mononucleosis or cancer |
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
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HHV5
latent heteroviral negative ds DNA enveloped "owl's eye" basophilic intranuclear inclusion body causes Guillain-Barre syndrome 50% of adults have CMV but are asymptomatic largest genome of herpes virus can reach multiple organs passive administration of CMV serum immunoglobulins |
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Most prevalent cause of congenital infections
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CMV
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HIV
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ss RNA (Diploid)
enveloped gp120 binds to CD4 receptor also requires gp41 includes the enzymes: protease integrase M-Tropic (macrophages) T-tropic (helper T cells) RNA not infectious until protease clips polyprotein |
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Rhinovirus
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ssRNA
not enveloped intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) initiated by just 1 particle >100 serotypes causes release of histamine and bradykinin |
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most important cause of the common cold?
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Rhinovirus
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Largest known RNA genome
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Coronavirus
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Coronavirus
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ssRNA
Enveloped 2nd most prevalent cause of common cold can cause SARS can survive in GI tract |
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Influenza Virus
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ssRNA (Segmented)
Enveloped 16 HA proteins 9 NA proteins Amantadine, Rimantadine (interferes with uncoating step and targets the M2 protein), Oseltamivir, Zanamivir (inhibit NA protein) |
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Antigenic shift vs Antigenic drift
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drift- (minor)
shift- (major) acquire an HA or Na gene from another virus |
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Function of Neuraminidase
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clips sialic acid residues of the mucus allowing access to the underlying cells (influenza virus)
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Rotavirus
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ssRNA (Segmented)
not enveloped double shelled to resist GI contains a protein called viral enterotoxin live, attenuated vaccines: -Rotarix -RotaTeq |
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Norovirus
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ssRNA
not enveloped cruise ships are vulnerable no antivirals, no vaccine |
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Most important non bacterial cause of acute gastroenteritis for all ages worlwide
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Noroviruses
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Hepatitis A
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most common cause of acute hepatitis
ssRNA not enveloped only 1 serotype Fecal-oral transmission not associated with hepatic cancer Vaccines: Havrix Vaqta Epaxal Avaxim Healive Twinrix (A and B) |
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Hepatitis B
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most common cause of chronic hepatitis
ds DNA enveloped encodes RT parental/ sexual transmission 6 days to given serum immunoglobins to prevent Hep B treat with Intron A, Pegasys, Lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, Entecavir, Telbivudine |
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Hepatitis D Virus
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HDV needs HBV to cause an infection
ssRNA enveloped |
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Hepatitis virus that has ribozyme activity
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Hepatitis D
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Responsible for 50% of acute gastroenteritis illnesses in the world
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Rotavirus
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