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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The percentage of nitrogen in dry air
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78%
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The main source of carbon monoxide
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Atmospheric oxidation of methane gas
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Pollutants that decrease when the air to fuel ratio increases
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CO & VOCs
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State of C₅ to C₁₈ hydrocarbons
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Liquid
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Natural sources of particulates
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sandstroms, volcanoes,forest fires
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The main source of nitrogen dioxide
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Atmospheric oxidation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide
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Methods of controlling carbon monoxide
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Catalytic converter, Lean burn engine, Thermal exhaust reactor
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Effect of lean burn engines
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Less CO and VOCs, but more nitrogen oxides
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Conversion of Sulfur Oxide from primary to secondary pollutant in the atmosphere
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2SO2(g) + O2(g) -> 2SO3(g)
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Human sources of VOCs
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Petroleum extracting, refining, transporting, incomplete combustion of gasoline, coal and wood
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Known Oxides of Nitrogen
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Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Nitrogen Monoxide (NO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
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5 Major Pollutants
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Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Volitle Organic Compounds and Particulates
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Conversion of Nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen gas
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2CO + 2NO -> 2CO2 + N2
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Combustion of coal creates
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SO2
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Effects of CO on health
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Interferes with oxygen transport of haemoglobin and leads to asphyxiation
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Define air pollutants
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Substance in sufficient concentration in the air, which produce harmful effects on the environment
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Define a wet alkaline scrubber
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Cleaning device that uses a liquid, usually water-based, to remove contaminants
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Volatile compounds
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Liquids that are easily converted into gases and escape into the air
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Another alkaline material used in wet alkaline scrubbers
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Magnesium hydroxide
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The most effective method for removing particulates
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Electrostatic precipitation
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Major pollutant groups that are primarily man-made, not natural
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sulfur oxides, particulates, VOCs
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Most effective method of reducing pollutants from an automobile
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Catalytic converter; uses platinum-based catalyst to convert CO, NO, and hydrocarbons (which are VOCs) to CO2, N2, and H20 (all of which are harmless)
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Primary method of reducing particulates
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Electrostatic precipitation; ionizes particulates and attracts ions to collector plates
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Define primary pollutant
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Primary pollutants are added directly from pollutant sources
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Define secondary pollutant
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Secondary pollutants are formed from reactions in the atmosphere
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Five major primary pollutants
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Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, particulates & volatile organic compounds
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Carbon monoxide
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colorless, odorless, tasteless, insoluble, toxic compound
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How is carbon monoxide formed?
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incomplete oxidation of carbon and carbon-containing compounds i.e. fossil fuels
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How is methane formed?
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decomposition of organic matter in swamps and tropical regions under anaerobic conditions
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Percentage of CO production from natural sources
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90%
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Percentage of CO production from manmade sources
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10%
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Type of reaction between nitrogen and oxygen gas
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endothermic reaction
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Methods of Control for Carbon Monoxide
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1. Catalytic converter, 2. Lean burn engine, 3. Thermal exhaust reactor
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Methods of Control for Oxides of Nitrogen
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1. Catalytic converter, 2. Lean burning engines, 3. Recirculation of exhaust gases
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Sources of N2O
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produced naturally from decomposition of nitrogen containing compounds by bacterial action in soil
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Sources of NO
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80% bacterial action, 20% from high temperature oxidation of N2 in air in automobile engines
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