Oxygenation - Nurs 112

Front 1

Cilia

Back 1

Tiny hairlike projections from the walls of the airways, move rhythmically to sweep trapped debris up and out of the airway

Front 2

Upper Airway

Back 2

located above the larynx
Includes: nasal passages, mouth, and pharynx

Front 3

Lower airway

Back 3

Located below the larynx
Includes: trachea, bronchi, and brochioles
Considered sterile

Front 4

Nasal passages

Back 4

contain coarse hairs that filter air and vascular membranes that warm and moisten the air

Front 5

When nasal passages are blocked or we need increased airflow, we tend to do what?

Back 5

Mouth breathing

Front 6

Pharynx

Back 6

Throat
Tonsils on each side (lymphoid tissue)
Contains openings to the esophagus and trachea

Front 7

Location of the trachea

Back 7

lies just in front of the esophagus

Front 8

Epiglottis

Back 8

A small flap of tissue superior to the larynx that closes of the trachea during swallowing so the food and fluid do not enter the airway

Front 9

Larynx

Back 9

narrowest portion of the upper airway,
Common site for airway obstruction

Front 10

Laryngospasm

Back 10

spasm of the larynx muscles

Front 11

What are the 2 parts and purposes of the trachea?

Back 11

left mainstem bronchus - narrower, longer and leaves the trachea at a sharper angle than the right, horizontal angle
right mainstem bronchus, shorter and fatter and leaves trachea at a more vertical angle

Front 12

bronchospasm

Back 12

spasm of the smooth muscles in brochi and bronchioles causing a narrowing of airway and obstructs airflow

Front 13

Lungs

Back 13

soft spongy cone shaped organs that lie on each side of the chest cavity

Front 14

mediastinum

Back 14

seperate the lungs
includes the heart and great vessels

Front 15

Which lung has 3 lobes?

Back 15

Right lung

Front 16

Apex

Back 16

Extends upwards towards the clavicle

Front 17

Base

Back 17

bottom, rests of diaphragm

Front 18

Alveoli

Back 18

Tiny air sacs with thin walls surrounded by a fine network of capillaries

Front 19

Alveolar-capillary membrane

Back 19

gas exchange between the alveolar and the capillaries

Front 20

Type I alveolar cells

Back 20

gas exchange cells

Front 21

type II alveolar cells

Back 21

not involved in gas exchange
produce surfactant

Front 22

Surfactant

Back 22

a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension within alveoli and prevents their walls from adhering together

Front 23

Pleura

Back 23

a thin double layered membrane
one layer lines inside the chest cavity, the other covers the outside of the lungs

Front 24

pleural space

Back 24

a thin film of fluid that allows the two layers to remain in contact but glide over each other during breathing movements

Front 25

What portion of the upper airway is most prone to airway obstruction? Why?

Back 25

the larynx because it is the narrowest portion of the upper airway

Front 26

Ventilation

Back 26

Movement of air into and out of the lungs through the act of breathing

Front 27

Respiration

Back 27

Exchange of gases
Carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs

Front 28

Oxygenation

Back 28

refers to how well the cells, tissues, and organs are supplied with oxygen

Front 29

Hypoxemia

Back 29

occurs when the blood is not adequately oxygenated
low blood-oxygen levels

Front 30

perfusion

Back 30

the circulation of blood to all body regions

Front 31

Hypoxia

Back 31

inadequate oxygen levels in the tissues and organs

Front 32

pulmonary ventilation

Back 32

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 33

Inhalation

Back 33

expansion of chest cavity and lungs
creates negative pressure inside, causes air to be drawn through the nose or mouth and airways

Front 34

Diaphragm

Back 34

the major muscle of breathing

Front 35

Exhalation

Back 35

diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
Chest and lungs return to normal resting size

Front 36

Hyperventillation

Back 36

rate and depth of breathing increase enough to move a large amount of air through the lungs
Causes carbon dioxide to drop

Front 37

Hypoventillation

Back 37

decreased rate or depth of breathing moves only a small amount of air into and out of the lungs

Front 38

Lung compliance

Back 38

the ease of lung inflation
have stretchy elastin fibers, low water content and low alveolar surface tension

Front 39

Elastic recoil

Back 39

the tendency of the elastin fibers to return to their original positions

Front 40

Lung compliance

Back 40

the ease of lung inflation
Lungs inflate easily because of their stretchy elastin fibers, low water content, and low alveolar surface tension
Conditions that reduce lung compliance:elastin replaced with scar tissue(collagen), increased lung water (edema), or loss of surfactant

Front 41

elastic recoil

Back 41

tendency of the elastin fibers to return to their position away from the chest wall after being stretched
Alveoli that have been overstretched as with emphysema, lose their elastic recoil over time. loss of elasticity allows the lungs to inflate easily but inhibits deflation, leaving stale air trapped in the alveoli

Front 42

airway resistance

Back 42

the resistance to airflow within the airways. the larger the diameter of the airways, the more easily the air moves through it.

Front 43

respiration

Back 43

refers to gas exchange, the oxygenation of blood and elimination of carbon dioxide in the lungs

Front 44

what 2 levels does gas exchange occur?

Back 44

1. at the alveolar capillary membrane in the lungs (external)
2. at the capillary cellular membrane in body tissues (internal)

Front 45

External respiration

Back 45

occurs in the lungs at the alveolar capillary membrane.

Front 46

diffusion

Back 46

tendency of melecules of a substance to move from a region of HIGH concentration to one of LOWER concentration

Front 47

Oxygen and CO2 diffuse more rapidly through which type of membrane?

Back 47

Thin
Thicker membranes slow the rate of gas diffusion

Front 48

What factors reduce the total surface area available for gas exchange?

Back 48

Loss of lung function due to secretions, lung colapse, or bronchospasm

Front 49

which gas is 20x more soluble in water?

Back 49

Carbon dioxide;

Front 50

baroreceptors

Back 50

located in the walls of the heart and blood vessels are sensitive to pressure changes
when even a small drop in pressure is sensed, they send messages to the brain stem centers to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate and induce vasoconstriction

Front 51

cardioinhibitory center

Back 51

controls parasympathetic slowing of the heart rate

Front 52

chemoreceptors

Back 52

located in the aortic arch and the carotid arteries are sensitive to changes in blood pH, osygen levels, and carbon dioxide levels.
Main function is to regulate ventilation, but they also send information to the vasomotor center in response to lack of oxygen.

Front 53

atelectasis

Back 53

collapse of alveoli
common in premature infants
causes RDS - respiratory distress syndrome

Front 54

Risk for toddlers

Back 54

URI - upper respiratory infections risk remains high because tonsils and adenoids are relatively large, and many children are exposed to new infectious agents in preschool and daycare

Front 55

reduced lung expansion and less alveolar inflation

Back 55

due to costal carilage begins to calcify, reducing chest wall movement during breathing; 2. the lungs have less recoil ability
3. the alveoli lose elasticity

Front 56

difficulty expelling mucus or foreign material causes

Back 56

due to a less effective cough reflex and fewer cilia in the airways

Front 57

diminished ability to increase ventilation

Back 57

due to oxygenation demands increase (exercise) exhalation becomes less efficient, causing progressive air trapping

Front 58

declining immune response

Back 58

cell-mediated immunity, t-cell activity, and inflammatory response

Front 59

Stress response stimulates:

Back 59

release of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system resulting in inc hr and contractility, vasoconstriction, and inc tendency of blood clot
2. suppression of the immune and inflammatory responses, which decr resistance to the infection
3. relaese of cortisol from adrenal cortex, which results in altered glucose, fat and protein metabolism

Front 60

Allergy

Back 60

a hypersensitivity or over response to an antigen

Front 61

pulmonary allergies

Back 61

dust , dust mites, cockroach particles, pollen, molds, newsprint, tobacco smoke, animal dander, and sometimes foods

Front 62

Inflammatory subtances such as histamine and protease released during an allergic response cause the following cardiovascular events:

Back 62

Qdilation of blood vessels in areas affected (increase blood flow)
attraction of eosinophils and neutrophils to the reaction site
damage of local tissues by protease
increased permeability of capillaries, with resulting fluid leak into tissues
contraction of local smooth muscle cells

Front 63

hay fever

Back 63

an allergic reaction affecting the eyes nose and or sinuses and causing the release of histamine which is largely responsible for accumulation of nasal fluid and swollen nasal membranes

Front 64

Asthma

Back 64

an allergic reaction occurring in the bronchiloes of the lungs causing release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis which causes lower airway edema and spasms, making breathing difficult and ineffective

Front 65

what is the range for atmospheric pressure?

Back 65

760 mm Hg at sea level to 523 mm Hg at 10,000 feet

Front 66

high altitudes can cause oxygen levels to...

Back 66

decrease resulting in hypoxia and hypoxemia

Front 67

changes in altitude can cause:

Back 67

increase in: ventilation, production of RBC, lung volume and pulmonary vasculature (resulting in increased surface area for alveolar-capillary gas exchange), vascularity of body tissues, ability of tissue cells to use oxygen pressure is low

Front 68

what does heat do to oxygenation?

Back 68

heat causes vasodilatation which increases cardiac output and oxygenation. heat also increases metabolism which causes people to be more naturally sedentary during hot weather

Front 69

what does cold to to oxygenation?

Back 69

slows cell metabolism (reducing O2 demand), vasoconstriction and slows heart rate.
artificial hypothermia is used in surgery quite successfully

Front 70

pregnancy factors

Back 70

oxygen demands increase dramatically, blood volume increases by 30%, requires additional iron to produce this blood
maternal anemia can occur
resp increase in order to increase minute ventilation

Front 71

occupational hazards

Back 71

irritate airways, cause cardiovascular disease, interfering with blood cell function, or causing cancer

Front 72

toxic agents are catergorized as:

Back 72

chemicals and their fumes - irritate membranous lining of the lungs and airways and may lead to lung cancer or leukemia
products of combustion - known causes of lung cancer and chronic lung disease
organisms - fungi and mold
fine particles - coal dust, and asbestos cause irritation and toxic reactions, in cluding cancer
radiation is a known cause of cancer

Front 73

poor nutrition can lead to:

Back 73

loss of ventilatory muscle strength, making breathing more difficult

Front 74

Obesity

Back 74

BMI above 30
respiratory infections: fat stores press upward on diaphragm preventing full chest expansion, leading to hypoventilation and dyspnea on exertion
sleep apnea: chest expansion is limited even more when a person lies down
cardiovascular effects: increased risk of srtherosclerosis and hypertension