Overview Of Immune System

Front 1

To be an effective immune system, it must: (3)

Back 1

1. Recognize and destroy a diversity of pathogens
2. Recognize effete, altered, or damaged self components
3. Exhibit tolerance to self (avoid autoimmunity)

Front 2

2 forms of immunity

Back 2

1. Adaptive
2. Innate

Front 3

Innate immunity characteristics (2)

Back 3

1. Provides immediate protection by direct detection of invading microbes
2. Defense response isn't any better or worse every time it sees infection

Front 4

Adaptive Immunity (4)

Back 4

1. Adapts to a variety of non-self components
2. Responses to re-infection are faster, better and stronger
3. Develops memory though takes time to develop
4. Can anticipate all possible pathogen derived stimuli

Front 5

What is Plasma

Back 5

Remaining stuff after cells centrifuged

Front 6

What is Serum

Back 6

Everything gone except fluid

Front 7

What attracts neutrophils to site of infection and by what process?

Back 7

chemokines by chemotaxis

Front 8

Immature form of macrophages

Back 8

monocytes

Front 9

Monocytes circulate in:
Macrophages circulate in:

Back 9

blood
tissue

Front 10

Professional Phagocytes include (2)

Back 10

neutrophils, macrophages

Front 11

Phagocytic process:

Back 11

1. Microbe adheres to phagocyte
2. Phagocyte engulfs microbe
3. Phagosome fused with lysozome
4. Phagolysozome breaks down microbe
5. Indigestible material released by cell.

Front 12

What does PMN stand for and give examples.

Back 12

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Front 13

Mast cells are a major cause of [ ] because of [ ].

degranualte upon [ ]

Back 13

allergic symptons because of release of histamine

activation

Front 14

Natural Killer Cells (3)

Back 14

Enter infected tissues
Kill infected cells without prior sensitization
Kills cancer cells

Front 15

Dendritic cells activate:

Back 15

naive T cells

Front 16

Dendiritic cells are [ ] [ ] [ ]

Back 16

Professional Antigen Presenting Cells

Front 17

Upon maturation which occurs during migration to secondary tissues, dendritic cells:

Back 17

dendrites become elaborated and d cells become interdigatating d.cells

facilitates extensive interaction with T cells in lymph node

Front 18

Plasma cells are and do this:

Back 18

mature/activated B cells and secrete antibodies into the system

Front 19

B cells originate in the [ ] and migrate to the [ ] and are activated in the [ ] [ ]

Back 19

bone marrow
seconday lymph tissue/ lymph nodes
germinal center

Front 20

3 types of T Cells

Back 20

memory
Helper- encourage macrophage killing
cytotoxic- kill infected target cells

Front 21

What are PRR and what do they bind

What part of PRR bings sugar?

Back 21

Pattern recognition molecules and their CRDs (carbo recognition domains) bind terminal sugar residues found on pathogen cell walls (glucose, fucose, mannose, NOT galactose or sialic acid)

Front 22

Opsonins do what?

Back 22

coat pathogens in preparation for phagocytosis

encourages macrophage phagocytosis

Front 23

complement activation leads to (3)

Back 23

1. Recruitment of inflammatory cells
2. Opsonization of pathogens
3. Killing of pathogens

Front 24

classical definiton of antigen and examples

Back 24

any molecule that binds to an antibody or to T Cell receptor and is recognized by that receptor

can be foreign proteins, self proteins (altered) repetitive polymers of polysaccharides

Front 25

portion of antigen that binds to antibody

how many areas are there on an Antigen?

Back 25

epitope

they bind with incredibly high levels of specificity (10^15)

mulitple epitopes on the Ag

Front 26

phagocyte has two receptors for opsonized pathogen. what are they?

Back 26

Fc receptor for Ab bound Ag and CR for opsonins on pathogen

together they induce phagocytosis better than alone

Front 27

Antibodies prevent bacterial adherence to cells and activates

Back 27

complement

Front 28

Reinfection improves/retards adaptive immune response

Back 28

improves; T cells have memory for infection

Front 29

clonal selection theory is:

Back 29

T Cells that don't recognize self antigens aren't killed. Then APC presents Ag to naive T cells and T cells that match Ag become activated and proliferate and differentiate into mature T cells

Front 30

Primary Lymphoid tissue
Secondary Lymphoid tissue

Back 30

Thymus/ Bone Marrow
Lymph nodes, peyer's patches, lymphatic system, etc

Front 31

Hematopoiesis

Back 31

Process of blood cell formation
all begin as pluripotent stem cells
differentiation into different cell lines
egress of cells into circulation

Front 32

B cells/ T cells maturation differences

Back 32

B cells mature in bone marrow and circulate as mature naive cells
T cells leave bone marrow as immature thymocytes and mature in thymus

Front 33

B Cell Development issues?

Back 33

Immature B cell has strong recognition of self antigen, either apoptosis or receptor editing for non-specificity to self antigens

*T cells undergo central tolerance in thymus

Front 34

Lymphatic system architecture

Back 34

lymphatic capillaries in tissue space
lymphatic vessels attached to afferent vessels
lymph node in between afferent and efferent vessels *act as tethers during imflammation and vasodilation

Front 35

3 prinicipal functions of lymphatic system:

Back 35

1. collect and return interstitial fluid, including plasma proteins to blood, maintain fluid balance
2. absorb lipids from intestine and transport them to the blood
3. defend the host against infectious pathogens by enabling antigen to travel and concentrate in lymph nodes

Front 36

T cell lymphocyte migration

Back 36

Naive travel through the blood, into secondary lymphoid tissues, then though efferent lymphatics, then back to blood.

Front 37

T/F Dendritic cells migrates to Secondary Lymphoid Tissue to present Ag to T cell

Back 37

True

Front 38

What is MHC?

Back 38

Majorhistocompatibility Complex.

a receptor that presents Ag to T cell

Front 39

MHC molecule

Back 39

the receptor responsible for presenting peptide antigen to T cells

called Human Leukocyte Antigen in humans

Front 40

interaction between TCR and MHC-peptide complex takes place:

Back 40

1. in the thymus during T cell selection
2. in the secondary lymphoid tissues during T cell activation
3. at the site of infection during an immune response
4. all the time during the process of immune surveillance (MHC checks all cells all the time to make sure they are self)

Front 41

MHC class I
expression, antigen, binding, effectors, function

Back 41

all nucleated cells, professional APCs
cytoplasmic (virus)
TCR of CD 8+ T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Kill infected cell

Front 42

MHC class II
expression, antigen, binding, effectors, function

Back 42

Professional APCs (only cells that can activate T cells)
Endocytic vesicles
TCR of CD4+ T cells
Helper T cell
Help Macrophages kill
Help B cells make Ab

Front 43

MHC 1 vs MHC 2 location of pathogen

Back 43

cystolic pathogens vs endosomal or extracellular pathogens

inside vs outside

Front 44

the breakdown of proteins and their loading is called

Back 44

antigen processing

Front 45

genetic shuffling of loops in TCR causes:

Back 45

variability in receptor specificity

Front 46

MHC 1 and 2 protein structure

Back 46

MHC 1: binds short peptides b/c MHC has pocketed off ends (longer peptides bulge out).
peptide anchored by H bonds
MHC 2: binds longer peptides b/c no pockets on structure
held at constant elevation above floor of MHC cleft (held up in pocket a bit)

Front 47

MHC class 1 presentation

Back 47

protein ground up in proteasome
peptides transported by TAP into the lumen of ER
peptide loaded onto MHC
MHC presented on cell surface to TCR of CD8+

Front 48

Proteasome to Immunoproteasome

Back 48

IFN gamma induces 3 new subunits to be expressed on proteasome
3 subunits confer specificity for cleavage after hydrophobic and basic residues
= peptides with prefereed binding for MHC 1

occurs during infection and allows more MHC 1 binding to T cells and activation of T cells

Front 49

What is Tapasin

Back 49

brings MHC close to TAP proteins and exchanges suboptimal peptides for optimal peptides

Front 50

MHC class 2 presentation

Back 50

endocytosed antigens brought to ER and loaded onto MHC peoptide.

complex migrates to cell surface

**endocytosis required for presentation**

Front 51

MHC class 2 presentation more detailed

Back 51

RER synthesize MHC 2 bings to invariant chain
bound chain prevents premature binding of peptides to MHC
Digestion of invariant chain leaves CLIP bound groove to MHC groove
HLA-DM takes out CLIP fragment exchanges peptide from pathogen
peptides can bind to MCH 2

Front 52

Cross presentation

Back 52

particle bigger than cell injested and ER membrane recruited to help engulf.
SEC 61 breaks down particle and feeds proteins to proteasome
peptides re-enter ER with help of TAP
internal peptides bind to MHC 2 and/or MHC 1

Front 53

3 CDRs on Vh and Vl regions (Valpha and Vbeta in TCR)

Back 53

CDR 1 2 and 3
same as hypervariable regions

Front 54

hypervariable regions (CDRs) placement

Back 54

lie in discrete loops of the folded structure (Ab or TCR)

Front 55

Effector functions determined by

Back 55

constant regions

Front 56

dimerization of IgE following Allergan binding releases

Back 56

histamine from mast cell