Many Parts Of The Elephant - Kim

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Critical Reader

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a. Critical review of research lit helps inform clinical decision making
b. Clinicians need enough familiarity with research to judge if claims are reasonable to determine if proposed clinical procedures adhere to research methods and underlying theory

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What is Research

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a. Method of acq knowledge thru scientific means - accepted as most powerful and obj means to gain new knowledge
b. An organized way to seek answers to questions
c. Method of Sci vs. Method of Tenacity --> accepted knowl w/o scientific basis/background

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Definition of "Scientific Research"

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a. Systematic, controlled, empirical, amoral, public, and critical investigation of natural phenomena
b. Guided by theory & hypotheses about presumed relations among such phenomena

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Systematic & Controlled

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a. Disciplined investigation that methodically rules out alternative explanations

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Empirical

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a. Subjective beliefs must be subjected to outside, independent tests
b. Verifiable by experience or observation

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Amoral

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a. No moral value attached to knowl obtained from research
b. Findings are considered in terms of reliability and validity

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Public

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a. Research evaluated by other independent individuals of equal knowl and training prior to publication
NB: Not all journals require peer review process

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Different Types of Scientific Methods

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a. Basic vs. Applied Research
b. Descriptive vs. Experimental Research

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Basic vs. Applied Research

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a. Development of knowl per se vs. solving problems
b. You want to know s.thing vs. you want to solve s.thing
c. Applied is more common in SLP field

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Descriptive vs. Experimental

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a. Examining existing phenomena vs. examining causation thru observation of consequent effects of manipulation under controlled conditions
b. Examine/describe what's already out there vs. examine cause/rship (if I do this, what will happen to that?)
NB: Causation = I do s.thing and see what happens

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b
Examples of B, A, D, and E

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a. Basic: What are ingredients of ginseng?
b. Applied: Would daily intake of ginseng influence memory?
c. Descriptive: What is the prevelance of myocardiac infarction among college-educated Asian men in the US over the last 10 years?
d. Experimental: Will a comprehensive life style change program for college-educated asian men positively change the men's hospital readmission rates for chest pain?

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Framework Underlying Empirical Research

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a. Statement of Problem to be investigated
b. Delineation of a Method for investigation of problem
c. Presentation of Results derived from method of investigation
d. Drawing of Conclusion from results about prob
e. Find a statement prob in intro part of research paper

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Components of Introduction

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a. General statement of prob
b. Rationale for investigation
c. Review of relevant literature (to est. context and importance of study)
d. Purpose of study
e. Scientific research questions
f. Hypotheses
NB: No subsections w/i introduction

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Statement of the Problem

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a. Clear and concise statement of what is being investigated
b. All prob statements must be justified
c. Provide context to show why prob is worth studying via use of background info and clear rationale

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Statement of the Problem
(Continued)

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a. Most common critique: Didn't motivate enough. Need to be convinced there's a prob, we should do something about it, and this is what we should do
b. All statements should be linked to rationale

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Rationale for the Study

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a. Outline reasons for doing study
b. Convince reader purpose of research is worth-while
c. Justify selection of method, procedure, and pop that was studied
d. Ex of reason supporting the importance and need of study (Inadequacy of prev research, follow up, resolution of conflicting or inconclusive results, providing empirical date related to theoretical aspects of phenomenon, absence of prev research)

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Example of Rationale

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a. Motivate - come up with problem: This % of americans are tired and it's believed in other countries ginseng boosts energy -OR- People spend a lot of money on this and yet we don't know if it's actually effective or not

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Review of Literature

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a. Put your research study into context of s.thing already done and something we already know
b. Function
c. Critical synthesis of area of investigation
d. Define key terms early on
e. Intertwined presentation of rationale, lit review, and statement of probs in general

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Function

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a. Document need for study
b. Put research in context or historical perspective

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Synthesis of Area of Investigation

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a. Interpreting, evaluating, and integrating individual pieces of lit to create a new, original work
b. NOT a comprehensive summary
c. Weave multiple studies into one paragraph

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Questions to Consider about Literature Review

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a. To judge objectivity and accuracy, u need lots of background info
b. Structure of review: think of it as a funnel - narrow prob more and more until you get to research questions. Start with prob statement and them make it lead to Q u want to ask (NB: When ending paper, do this backgwards)
c. Content of review
d. Structure of review
e. Citations

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Content of Review

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a. Extent and thoroughness of review
b. Onjectivity and accuracy of criticism of previous research

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Structure of Review

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a. Logical flow
b. Use of supporting evidence to substantiate author's claim

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Citations

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a. Recency and relevance of citations are important

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Research Questions & Hypotheses

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a. Research Qs are logical culmination of preceding pages
b. Hypothesis is tentative generalization or conjecture that can be subjected to future empirical confirmation (EX: Dr. Kim thinks ginseng improves energy over placebo group. Based on study, it's either confirmed or negated. Hypotheses comes at end of intro)

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Types of Research Questions

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a. Description
b. Difference
c. Relationship

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Provide Description

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a. Describe current state of something

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Determine a Difference

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a. Need at least two things to compare

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Establish a Relationship

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a. Does this cause that -OR- What is the extent of the existing relationship?

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Examples of Research Questions
(Ginseng Potency)

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a. Description: What are health benefits held by people who take ginseng on regular basis?
b. Difference: Is there a diff in beliefs of men and women in their 40's regarding potency of ginseng?
c. Relationship: Is there a rship b/w consumption of ginseng and memory performance?

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Alternative Hypothesis vs. Null Hypothesis

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a. Hypothesis: Consumption of ginseng will increase memory performance -OR- Consumption will not improve memory performance. (Alt -OR- Null)
b. Always better to word first way b/c more positive
NB: All research is set up to test hypothesis

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Method of Investigation

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a. Proposal of what you're going to do to answer your question
b. Strategy for investigating the prob - how the study is to be conducted and on whom
c. Subject of investigation = Whom
d. Materials used to test, train, measure etc.
e. Procedures that were followed
NB: Unclear statement of prob results in difficulty evaluating appropriateness of method of investigation

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Results of Investigation

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a. Number questions at bottom of intro and make sure to write them as questions - this facilitates easier article reading
b. In results section, they should go in same order as questions posted
c. In interpretation section, same as above point
d. Address what was yielded from method of investigation
e. Objective report of results: Imp to relate breakdown of results to subcomponents of prob

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Conclusions

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a. Discussion = interpretation
b. In results section, u don't interpret anything - just objectively report findings. (Discussion section = interpretation section)
c. This is valuable finding b/c we learned a, b, and c
d. Can add future directions to end of discussion section

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Conclusions
(Continued)

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a. Interpretation of results and conclusions from them that reflect on original statement of prob
b. A recasting of intro and rationale in light of new info provided by current results --> Answer the question, "So what?"

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New Evidenced-Based Practice

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a. Clinical decision making that integrates clinical experience and expertise, recognition of needs of person receiving services, and current and appropriate scientific research evidence
b. Systematic process that can't be dictated in handbook or manual

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3 Fundamental Issues Confronting the Clinical Implementation of EBP

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a. Practical need to locate relevant, germane sources of such evidence quickly and effectively
b. Clinician's understanding of "levels of evidence"
c. Relatively limited quantity of empirical tx research that has been conducted