Outdoor Discovery Program

Front 1

What is Folding

Back 1

Earth movements pushing the edges of the crust into smaller area; pressure caueses buckling and wrinkling resulting in parallel ridges

Front 2

Faulting

Back 2

Caused by a fracture in the earth with pressure on one or both sides. side with the heavier push usually goes downward and gets melted as magma. The lighter side usually gets lifted out of the ground.

Front 3

volcanism

Back 3

fractures beneath the crust extending into the mantle may cause magma to exude as lava.

Front 4

Pangea Theory

Back 4

the crust of the earth is separeted into seven major plates and several smaller ones. they used to be one big continent called Pangea. The began to move apart and move at 1 to 16 cm per year

Front 5

Soil Cycle

Back 5

A seed germinates, emerges as a seedling, grows to a sapling, then to a tree. it drops leaves that fertilize the area, & at its death will decompose and give more nutrients back to the earth.

Front 6

soil horizon
name them:
Little Danny Has Two Surf Boards

Back 6

identified layers of soil
litter, duff, humus, topsoil, subsoil, bedrock,

Front 7

litter

Back 7

freshly fallen deris from trees & plants which have not been broken down

Front 8

duff

Back 8

broken and clumped leaves, twigs, etc. onding starts to take place and insects are mostly absent from this layer

Front 9

humus

Back 9

FBI at work (fungus bacteria and invertabrates) has aroma of soil because of decomposition

Front 10

topsoil

Back 10

rich organic blend from above with minerals, nutrients, weight, and bulk from lower layers

Front 11

subsoil

Back 11

broken rock, grit, and sand that seems to float to the surface blending with humus to create topsoil

Front 12

bedrock

Back 12

the solid rock surface or boulder formation that lay below the surface of all layers

Front 13

erosion

Back 13

constant changes on the surface of earth by environmental factors

Front 14

water erosion

Back 14

the transportation of the earth's placed material through water. will loosen and carry deris caused by weathering.

Front 15

weathering

Back 15

process of breaking down wrodk by such forces as water, ice, chemicals, growing plants, and changing temperatures

Front 16

water intrusion

Back 16

water freezes in cracks of rocks causing expansing. splitting or crumbling results

Front 17

plant intrusion

Back 17

plants roots will expand in the fractures in rocks causing them to split or crumble. lichens produce acid that deteriorates the rock

Front 18

wind erosion

Back 18

wind will change the landscape by physically moving material and depositing it elsewhere and by sculting or sandblasting

Front 19

compaction

Back 19

human impact - soil being compressed enough to squeeze out all traces of oxygen. leads to water erosion. like old wagon roads

Front 20

glaciers

Back 20

thought to be snowflakes that have lost the characteristics and compressed by its own massive weight to produce ice. under its own weight behaves more fluid than solid.

Front 21

MOHS scale

Back 21

named for German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1812. determines the hardness of rocks and minerals from 1 (soft) to 10 (hard)

Front 22

lichens

Back 22

small plant-like organisms which grow where nothing else will. made up of two organisms: fungi (holds and protests) and alga (produces food)

Front 23

crust

Back 23

outermost solid layer of earth mostly crystalline rock and only a few miles deep

Front 24

mantle

Back 24

layer of earth below the crust and above the core made of solid molten rock

Front 25

core

Back 25

center of the earth believed to consist of compressed nickel & iron