Ouhsc Research Test 1

Front 1

This approach to knowledge is based on observation

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Empirical approach

Front 2

This is a statement involving indicating what results are expected.

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Hypothesis

Front 3

In this type of research, treatments are given for the research purpose and the changes (if any occur) are observed

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Experimental

Front 4

When is an experiment called a true experiment

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When the participants are divided at random (such as drawing a name out of a hat)

Front 5

In this type of research, the researchers do not give treatments. Rather they observe participants in order to observe them as they naturally exist without experimental treatments

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Non experimental studies

Front 6

What is one of the most common types of nonexperimental studies?

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Survey (or poll)

Front 7

What type of research or approach does everyone use on an everyday basis?

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Empirical approach

Front 8

What question establishes the need for a study to take place?

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The question of “why to observe”

Front 9

In an experiment, does random assignment have to be used for it to still be considered and experiment.

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No (Note that if a researcher administers treatments or arranges for their administration, the study is called and experiment regardless of whether the groups of participants are formed at random)

Front 10

Can an experiment be conducted with only one group of participants?

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Yes (think of the experiment with the class of children were all given verbal praise, and then not given verbal praise)

Front 11

In what type of studies do researchers not give treatments? Rather they observe participants in order to describe them as they naturally exist.

Back 11

Nonexperimetnal studies

Front 12

Can consumers of research distinguish between nonexperimental and experimental studies based on the type of instrument (ie. measuring tool) used?

Back 12

No. instruments such as paper and pencil tests, interview schedules, and personality scales are used in both types of studies

Front 13

Is the actual act of measurement considered to be a treatment?

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No. in fact researchers try to measure in a way that the actual measuring in itself does not affect the research.

Front 14

What is the purpose of an experiment?

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To explore the cause and effect relationship (ie. treatments are given to see how they affect the participants)

Front 15

When researchers want to investigate cause and affect relationships, what type of studies do they prefer?

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Experimental studies

Front 16

What is another name for a causal-comparative study?

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Ex post facto study

Front 17

What are the essential characteristics of a causal-comparative study (aka ex post facto study)

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-researchers observe and describe some current condition
-researchers look to the past to identify the possible cause or causes of the condition

Front 18

Do researchers give treatments in casual comparative (ex post facto) studies?

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No. it is a nonexperimetnal study

Front 19

In causal-comparative (ex post facto) studies, researchers describe what

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Observations

Front 20

Which type of research has more potential pit falls, experimental studies or the casual comparative (ex post facto) method?

Back 20

Causal comparative (ex post facto) method has more potential pitfalls

Front 21

This is a type of research where the researcher looks to the past for the cause or causes of a current condition

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Causal –comparative (ex post facto) study

Front 22

Which type of method is used when researchers are interested in causality, but it is not possible to conduct an experiment

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Causal-comparative (ex post facto) method

Front 23

What is the purpose of a survey or poll?

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To describe the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a population

Front 24

What is the difference between a survey (poll) and a census?

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A survey (poll) studies a sample of the population, which the results can then be generalized to an entire population. A census is a count or study of an entire population

Front 25

In this type of study, the emphasis is on obtaining thorough knowledge of an individual and is sometimes obtained over a long period of time.

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Case study

Front 26

When researchers repeatedly measure traits of a participant over a long period of time in order to tract developmental trends, they are conducting what kind of research?

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Longitudinal trends

Front 27

If a researcher measured the visual acuity of a sample of infants each week for a year to trace their development, what type of study would this be?

Back 27

Longitudinal research

Front 28

When researchers are interested in a degree of relationship among two or more quantitative variables, what type of research is this?

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Correlational research

Front 29

A distinctive feature of this type of research is that researchers gather data in such a way that the data are easy to quantify, allowing for statistical analysis.

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Quantitative research

Front 30

The causal-comparative (ex post facto) method is quantitative or qualitative research

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Quantitative research

Front 31

A survey (poll), census, and case studies are all examples of quantitative or qualitative research

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Quantitative research

Front 32

Longitudinal research is an example of quantitative or qualitative research

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Quantitative research

Front 33

Correlational research is an example of quantitative or qualitative research

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Quantitative research

Front 34

To measure attitudes towards Asian Americans, a researcher might use a questionnaire and count how many times responders answered “yes” to statements about Asian Americans, then calculate the percentage who answered yes to each statement. This would be an example of quantitative or qualitative research

Back 34

Quantitative research

Front 35

In this type of research, researchers gather data (such as responses to open ended interview questions on Asian Americans) that must be analyzed through the use of informed judgment to identify major and minor themes expressed by participants. Does this describe an example of quantitative or qualitative research?

Back 35

Qualitative research

Front 36

Most of this type of research is collected through semi-structured interviews to which there is a core list of questions from which the interviewers may deviate as needed to obtain in depth information. Does this describe an example of quantitative or qualitative research?

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Qualitative research

Front 37

In this type of research, information is examined in order to understand the past

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Historical research

Front 38

If a historical researcher was going to use the following things for his/her research, tell which would be quantitative and which would be qualitative.

Back 38

-Examining historical documents (qualitative)
-Counting certain types of statements made in historical documents (quantitative)
-Using insight and judgment to identify themes (qualitative)

Front 39

This is a trait or characteristic with two or more categories

Back 39

Variable

Front 40

If a sample of people were asked to give their gender, and then asked to vote for one of three people (Tom, Dick, or Harry), what are the variables and what are the categories?

Back 40

The first variable is the gender (which has two categories)
The second variable is who they would vote for (out of the three people)

Front 41

All variables have __________.

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Mutually exclusive categories, meaning they will belong to one and only one category

Front 42

Researchers define variables in such a way that the categories are _______

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Exhaustive

Front 43

Variables in nonexperimental studies are sometimes classifies as what two things

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Independent and dependent

Front 44

With the study of smoking and lung cancer, what would be the dependant variable and what is the independent variable

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Independent variable is smoking (the cause) and the dependent variable is the lung cancer (the effect or outcome)

Front 45

It is common to call the independent variable the _________ and the outcome (dependent) variable the _________.

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-Predictor
-Criterion (criterion means standard)

Front 46

All experiments have how many independent and dependent variables

Back 46

At least one independent and one dependent variable

Front 47

In experimental studies, researchers physically manipulate the ________ variable

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Independent

Front 48

In nonexperimetnal studies, do researchers physically manipulate the independent variable

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No, instead they observe the independent variable as they occur naturally

Front 49

This is a prediction of the outcome of a study

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Research hypothesis

Front 50

A simple research hypothesis predicts what?

Back 50

A relationship between two variables

Front 51

In this type of hypothesis, researchers predict which group will be higher or have more of some attribute

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Directional hypothesis

Front 52

In this type of hypothesis, the researcher predicts there will be a difference, but does not predict the direction of the difference

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Nondirectional hypothesis

Front 53

What two things may be substituted for a nondirectional hypothesis?

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Research purpose and a research question

Front 54

When researchers are willing and able to predict the outcome of a study, should they state a directional hypothesis, a research purpose, or a research question?

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Directional hypothesis

Front 55

This is a statistical hypothesis which needs to be considered when analyzing results obtained from samples of quantitative research studies.

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Null hypothesis

Front 56

Dictionaries provide what kind of definitions of variables

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Conceptual definitions

Front 57

Redefining a variable in terms of physical steps is called what

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Operationalizing a variable (meaning he or she is creating an operational definition)

Front 58

Is it possible to completely operationalize a variable

Back 58

No. no attempt at operationalizing a variable will result in a completely operational definition because there are an infinite number of physical characteristics that might be addressed in any definition (ie, the humidity of the room, the level of lighting, whether the subject has to fart or poop)

Front 59

Since it is not possible to completely operationalize a variable, researchers try to produce definitions that are adequate to permit a _________ in all important respects by another researcher.

Back 59

Replication

Front 60

This is an attempt to confirm the results of a study by conducting it again in the same way

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A replication

Front 61

In this type of hypothesis, researchers predict which group will be higher or have more of some attribute

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Directional hypothesis

Front 62

In this type of hypothesis, the researcher predicts there will be a difference, but does not predict the direction of the difference

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Nondirectional hypothesis

Front 63

What two things may be substituted for a nondirectional hypothesis?

Back 63

Research purpose and a research question

Front 64

When researchers are willing and able to predict the outcome of a study, should they state a directional hypothesis, a research purpose, or a research question?

Back 64

Directional hypothesis

Front 65

This is a statistical hypothesis which needs to be considered when analyzing results obtained from samples of quantitative research studies.

Back 65

Null hypothesis

Front 66

Dictionaries provide what kind of definitions of variables

Back 66

Conceptual definitions

Front 67

Redefining a variable in terms of physical steps is called what

Back 67

Operationalizing a variable (meaning he or she is creating an operational definition)

Front 68

In this type of hypothesis, researchers predict which group will be higher or have more of some attribute

Back 68

Directional hypothesis

Front 69

In this type of hypothesis, the researcher predicts there will be a difference, but does not predict the direction of the difference

Back 69

Nondirectional hypothesis

Front 70

Is it possible to completely operationalize a variable

Back 70

No. no attempt at operationalizing a variable will result in a completely operational definition because there are an infinite number of physical characteristics that might be addressed in any definition (ie, the humidity of the room, the level of lighting, whether the subject has to fart or poop)

Front 71

What two things may be substituted for a nondirectional hypothesis?

Back 71

Research purpose and a research question

Front 72

Since it is not possible to completely operationalize a variable, researchers try to produce definitions that are adequate to permit a _________ in all important respects by another researcher.

Back 72

Replication

Front 73

This is an attempt to confirm the results of a study by conducting it again in the same way

Back 73

A replication

Front 74

When researchers are willing and able to predict the outcome of a study, should they state a directional hypothesis, a research purpose, or a research question?

Back 74

Directional hypothesis

Front 75

This is a statistical hypothesis which needs to be considered when analyzing results obtained from samples of quantitative research studies.

Back 75

Null hypothesis

Front 76

Dictionaries provide what kind of definitions of variables

Back 76

Conceptual definitions

Front 77

Redefining a variable in terms of physical steps is called what

Back 77

Operationalizing a variable (meaning he or she is creating an operational definition)

Front 78

Is it possible to completely operationalize a variable

Back 78

No. no attempt at operationalizing a variable will result in a completely operational definition because there are an infinite number of physical characteristics that might be addressed in any definition (ie, the humidity of the room, the level of lighting, whether the subject has to fart or poop)

Front 79

Since it is not possible to completely operationalize a variable, researchers try to produce definitions that are adequate to permit a _________ in all important respects by another researcher.

Back 79

Replication

Front 80

This is an attempt to confirm the results of a study by conducting it again in the same way

Back 80

A replication

Front 81

The results of_________ research are represented as quantities or numbers (ie, statistics)

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Quantitative

Front 82

The results of _________ research are presented as discussions of trends and or themes based on words, not statistics

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Qualitative

Front 83

Qualitative researchers tend to use deductive or inductive approach to planning research?

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Inductive approach

Front 84

Quantitative or qualitative researchers tend to use literature as the basis for planning research.

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Quantitative

Front 85

Quantitative or qualitative researchers tend to use large groups or samples of people and spend less time with them.

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Quantitative researchers

Front 86

Quantitative or qualitative researchers tend to use small groups or samples of people and spend more time with them.

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Qualitative researchers

Front 87

Quantitative or qualitative researchers prefer to use random samples

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Quantitative researchers

Front 88

Quantitative or qualitative researchers prefer to select a purposive sample of individuals

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Qualitative researchers

Front 89

_______ researchers prefer to use informed judgment in selecting participants, while ________ researchers prefer to leave the selection up to chance (ie, random selection)

Back 89

Qualitative / Quantitative

Front 90

While working with participants, _____ researchers would be more open to the possibility of making adjustments in the instrumentation, such as rewording or adding questions based on earlier responses by participants

Back 90

Qualitative

Front 91

________ researches rarely make adjustments to during the course of a research project

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Quantitative

Front 92

When little is known about a topic, which type of research should be used? Quantitative or qualitative.

Back 92

Qualitative

Front 93

When the participants belong to a culture that is closed or secretive, which type of research should be used? Quantitative or qualitative.

Back 93

Qualitative

Front 94

When potential participants are not available for extensive interactions or observation, which type of research should be used? Quantitative or qualitative.

Back 94

Quantitative, (think of CEO’s of large companies, they don’t have time for interviews but may fill out questionnaire)

Front 95

When time and funds are very limited, which type of research should be used? Quantitative or qualitative.

Back 95

Quantitative

Front 96

When audiences require hard number, which type of research should be used? Quantitative or qualitative.

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Quantitative

Front 97

Program evaluation is almost always ______ research

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Applied

Front 98

This is a type of research in which researchers wish to apply the findings directly to such practical decisions as whether to continue funding a program and whether to modify it.

Back 98

Applied research

Front 99

This is a nonexperimetnal research in which researchers attempt to determine the practical needs of those who will be served by the program.

Back 99

Needs assessment

Front 100

When program evaluators collect information during the course of a program that assists in the process of modifying the program while it is being implemented is called ________

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Formative evaluation

Front 101

What are the two prongs of formative evaluation

Back 101

-Info is collected on the process of implementing a program
-Collecting information on the progress toward the ultimate goal

Front 102

When evaluators collect information about participant’s attainment of the ultimate goals at the end of the program, the activity is called _______

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Summative evaluation

Front 103

The primary ethical value regarding the use of humans as participants is that they ……..

Back 103

Must be protected from both physical and psychological harm

Front 104

What are some of the ethical values regarding humans as participants in research.

Back 104

-Must be protected from both physical and psychological harm
-They have a right to privacy
-They have a right to keep their information confidential
-They have the right to know the purpose of the research
-They have the right to informed consent
-They have the right to a debriefing after the research is over

Front 105

To obtain informed consent, researchers inform the participants of what things

Back 105

-General purpose of the research
-What will be done to them during the research
-The potential benefits
-Their potential for harm
-The fact that they may withdraw at any time without penalty

Front 106

What is one of the most widely studied theories in learning

Back 106

Reinforcement theory

Front 107

What type of theory do qualitative researchers tend to practice?

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Grounded theory

Front 108

A grounded theory is a theory that is……

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Grounded on observation

Front 109

Do researchers use induction or deduction to derive a hypothesis from a theory

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Deduction

Front 110

if you decide to do a research project using human subjects while you are a student at OUHSC, know that you will have to plan for three things:

Back 110

1)Get IRB approval
2)Get informed consent from the subject
3)Be evaluated by IRB each year of the project for ongoing approval or closure