Ouhsc Research Meth Final

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The null hypothesis asserts that

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any observed difference was created by random sampling errors. It states that the null hypothesis states that the observed difference is an illusion created by random sampling

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The chi square is the usual test of the

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null hypothesis for differences between frequencies

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df stands for

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degrees of freedom

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the values of the chi square and degrees of freedom were calculated solely to obtain .....

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the probability that the null hypothesis is correct.

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Are the chi square and the df descriptive statistics that a consumer should try to interpret?

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No

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What are the substeps in the mathematical procedure for obtaining the value of p?

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Chi square and df

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What should you interpret from this equation x2 = 4.00, df =1, p <.05
The probability (p) is less than .05
.

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There for the null hypothesis should be thrown out or believed to be untrue

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When the probability is less than ______, it should be rejected

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.05 or 5 in 100

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What should we gather form this equation x2 = 4.00, df =1, p >.05

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The probability is greater than 5 in 100 (or .05)

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The decision rule states that p must be equal to or less than

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.05 for the rejection of the null hypothesis

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This is an analysis in which each participant is classified in terms of two variables in order to examine the relationship between them.

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Bivariate analysis

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This is the act of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is in fact a correct hypothesis

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Type I Error

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This is the act of failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is in fact an incorrect hypothesis

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Type II Error

Front 14

One way to describe quantative data is to prepare a _____ _____

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Frequency distribution

Front 15

With graphing, when a very large sample is used, the curve becomes (more ridged or more smooth)

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More smooth

Front 16

What is another name for the smooth bell shaped curve?

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Normal curve

Front 17

What is the most frequently used average

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Mean

Front 18

This is the balancing point in a distribution

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Mean

Front 19

How do you determine the mean?

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Add up and divide by the number of items

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When discussing the mean M represents_________ and m represents ________

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M = mean of the population m = mean of the sample

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This is the value around which the deviations sum to zero

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This is the formal definition of mean

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What is the major drawback of using mean?

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It is drawn in the direction of extreme scores

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What is used to find the average when there are extreme scores?

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Median

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______ is defined as the middle score

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Median

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How do you find the median?

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Line all numbers up to zero and count to the middle number

Front 26

This is the most frequently occurring number

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Mode

Front 27

What is the synonym for the term “averages?”

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Measures of central tendency

Front 28

Often a set of scores is described with only two statistics, ______ and ________. ______ is used to describe the average and _______ is used to describe variability

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Mean and standard deviation / mean and standard deviation

Front 29

This refers to the amount by which participants vary or differ from each other

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Variability

Front 30

If a distribution is normal _______ of the participants in the distribution lie within one standard deviation unit of the mean

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68%

Front 31

The smaller the variability is, the (smaller or greater) the standard deviation is.

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Smaller

Front 32

The median is used instead of the mean when the ________

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Distribution is highly skewed

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The ______ can be used when the data is ordinal

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Median

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When the median is reported as the average, it is customary to report the ________ or __________ as a measure of variability

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Range or interquartile range

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This is the highest score minus the lowest score

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Range

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This refers to the range between quarters

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Interquartile range

Front 37

Calculate the intequartile range of 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8,9,10,11,11,12

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Divided up into quarters 2.5 6.5 9.5 then take 9.5 – 2.5 = 7
So the IQR is 7

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When the median is reported as the average it is customary to report the range or interquartile range as a measure of variability. The interquartile range is simply the ......

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range between the quarters.

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How do you find the range?

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Highest score minus the lowest score

Front 40

What is the most widely used coefficient?

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Pearson product –moment correlation coefficient

Front 41

What is the symbol for the Pearson product –moment correlation coefficient?

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r (also called the Pearson r)

Front 42

If the relationship between two variables is perfect, what would the value of Pearsons r be?

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1.00

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If the relationship between two variables is slightly less than perfect and the value of Pearsons r is .89, although it is not a perfect Pearsons r, it still indicated a ________

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Strong direct relationship

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So with the Pearson r, if the values are high in one side and low on the other (basically opposite of each other) then the relationship is said to be ________

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Inverse relationship (or negative relationship)

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With the Pearsons r a value of 0.00 indicates the what

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The complete absence of a relationship

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Does a Pearsons r of .50 indicate 50% of a characteristic? Why

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No, to find a percentage of Pearson r it needs to be converted to another statistic called the coefficient of determination

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To represent Pearsons r as a percentage, it must be converted into the coefficient of determination. How do you do this?

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It is simply r2 then multiply by 100 to get the percent

Front 48

A Peasrons r of 1.00 is (perfect/strong/moderate/weak) while a Peasrons r of -1.00 is (perfect/strong/moderate/weak).

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Both 1.00 and -1.00 are perfect

Front 49

What test is often used to test the null hypothesis regarding the observed difference between two means?

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t test

Front 50

The term _________ _______ indicates that the null hypothesis has been rejected

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Statistically significant

Front 51

When the probability the null hypothesis is .01 or .001 what happens to the null hypothesis

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It is rejected (the null hypothesis is rejected at anything less than .05)

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The size of the difference between means

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The amount of variation in the population

Front 53

What is an alternative test to the t test?

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Analysis of variance (aka ANOVA)

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What does ANOVA stand for?

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Analysis of variance

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With the ANOVA (the alternative test to a t test) it yields a ___ instead of a t, as well as degrees of freedom (df) sum of squares, mean square, and a p value.

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F

Front 56

With the ANOVA test (analysis of variance test), what is the only value of interest to the consumer

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p

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With the ANOVA test (analysis of variance test), what does the p indicate

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The probability that the null hypothesis is correct

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With the ANOVA test (analysis of variance test), if the p equals .05 or less, this means…..

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The null hypothesis is rejected and the results are declared to be statistically significant

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When the participants of an ANOVA test have been classified in only one way, it is termed a ……

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One way ANOVA (or a single factor ANOVA)

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In an ANOVA test, a two way analysis of variance is termed a _______

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Main effect

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This deals with the question of whether a difference is reliable in the light of random errors.

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Statistical significance

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Determining the statistical significance of a difference is the first step, determining the _______ is the second step .

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Practical significance

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Determining the practical significance involves what 5 considerations

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Cost benefit analysis
Crucial difference
Client acceptability
Public and political acceptability
Ethical and legal implications

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What is the cost benefit analysis

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The cost in relation to the benefit

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A crucial difference is one that results in a crucial _______ or ______

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Increase or decrease

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The most straightforward way to standardize two different tests so they can be comparable is to express both differences in their___________

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standard deviation units

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how are standard deviation units represented

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d

Front 68

This indicated the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables expressed on a scale that that ranges from -1.00 to 1.00, where 0.00 indicates no relationship

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Pearsons r

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If a researcher wants to determine which of two groups is superior on average, a comparison of means using ______ is usually the preferred method of analysis. On the other hand if there is one group of participants with two scores per participant and if the goal is to determine the degree of relationship between the two sets of scores, then ________should be used.

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d ………. r and r2

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This is a set of statistical methods for combining the results of previous studies

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Meta-analysis

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The main thrust of the conclusions in a meta-analysis is based on the __________ of the statistical results of the previous studies.

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mathematical synthesis

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With meta-analysis, the mathematical synthesis can be obtained by ……

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Averaging the results by summing the mean differences, then dividing the sum by the number of items

Front 73

What is one of the most popular effect sizes

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Cohen’s d

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Cohen’s d is expressed on a standardizes scale that typically ranges from ____ to _____

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-3.00 to 3.00

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Calculating d for all studies to be induced in meta-analysis permits the ……….

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averaging of the values of d to get a meaningful result

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What is a major strength of meta-analysis

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it produces results based on large combined samples

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What are two major weaknesses of meta-analysis

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Diversity and publication bias

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Purposive sampling is use by (qualitative or quantitative) researchers

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Qualitative

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_______ ________is the correct term to use when the researchers seek participants who fit into a broad category such as “Asian Americans with the greatest potential to succeed as psychologists”

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Purposive sampling

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When there are a number of criteria to be to be applied in the selection of a sample, the sampling technique is more properly called _____ _____ ______

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Purposive criterion sampling

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(Qualitative or quantitative) researchers usually use fewer participants in their studies

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Qualitative

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The major reason qualitative researchers use smaller samples than quantitative researchers is because……

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Qualitative data collection methods are often more expensive and time consuming

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What is the most widely used type of instrument for collecting data for qualitative research

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Semistructured interviews

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This is a set of written directions for conducting an interview

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Interview protocol

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This refers to the fact that the interviewer does not need to ask only predetermined questions, it can be reworded by the interviewer

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Semistructured

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This refers to considering the research problem in relation to the interviewers background and attitudes before conducting the interview

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Self disclosure

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Examining perceptions is known as _________ approach to acquiring knowledge

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Phenomenological

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A ______ usually consists of 6 to 12 participants who are gathered to discuss a topic

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Focus groups

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A focus group is lead by a ______

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Facilitator

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How long does a typical focus group last

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1 hour

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In ________ the qualitative researcher observes individuals as an outsider (such as in the back of a classroom)

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Non-participant observation

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In ______ the qualitative researcher becomes (or already is) a part of the group being researched, and thus makes observations as an insider

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Participant observation

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Using multiple sources for obtaining data on a research topic can be termed_______

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Data triangulation

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Conducting individual interviews and then having the interviewees provide data via a focus group, would be an example of ______

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Methods triangulation

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How many types of participants are used in data triangulation. How many are used in methods triangulation

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Data triangulation uses two or more types of participants

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Forming a research team to ensure the quality of qualitative research can be thought of as_______

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Researcher triangulation

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Researchers can initially work independently from each other, and then compare their results. To the extent they agree, the results are dependable. This technique examines what is called _______

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Interobserver agreement

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A peer reviewer who provides a review is called an ______

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Auditor

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This term is based on the idea that the participants are “members” of a research team

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Member checking

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The most frequently used approach qualitative researchers use to guiding their data analysis is called____

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Grounded theory

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This refers to an inductive method of analysis that can lead to theories of behavior

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Grounded theory

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Quantitative researchers use a (deductive or inductive) method

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Deductive

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Qualitative researchers use a (deductive or inductive) method

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Inductive

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(Quantitative or qualitative) researchers deduct theories for what is known and test the theories with research

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Quantitative

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(Quantitative or qualitative) researchers collect data and analyze it in order to derive theories that explain the patterns noted in the responses of the participants

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Qualitative

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The grounded theory approach starts with _____

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Open coding

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In what stage of the grounded theory are the transcripts of the interviews examined for distinct, separate segments which are then coded with individual names

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Open coding

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The second step in the grounded theory is called the____

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Axial coding

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At what stage of the grounded theory the transcripts of the interviews and any other data sources reexamined with the purpose of identifying relationships between the categories and themes identified during open coding

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Axial coding

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The final stages to the grounded theory approach to analysis, qualitative researchers develop a ______

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Core category

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This step in the grounded theory is the main overarching category under which the other categories and subcategories belong

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Core category

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A key element throughout the analysis of data using the grounded theory approach is ______

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Consistent comparison

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Consensual qualitative research is (inductive or deductive)

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Inductive

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This strives to have a team of researchers arrive at a consensus on the meaning of the data collected

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Consensual qualitative research (CQR)

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What is the first step in CQR

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Code into domains

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This refers to segmenting data into groups according to the topics they cover

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Code into domains (first step of CQR)

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What is the second step in CQR

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Develop core ideas within domains

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This is done by writing short summaries that reduce the original ideas of participants to fewer words

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Develop core ideas within domains (second step of CQR)

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What is the third step in CQR

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Cross analysis

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In this step , the core ideas are grouped into categories based on similarities

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Cross analysis (third step of CQR)

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This can be done be examining data in addition to the interview transcripts

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Stability check

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This is examined in CQR by determining the extent to which each a category was general, typical, or variant

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Internal stability

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Typically, domains that apply to all the participants are called ______; those that apply to half or more of the participants are called ________; and those that apply to less than half but more than two of the participants are called _______.

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General / typical / variant

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The CQR method required the use of an _____, who is an outside expert

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Auditor