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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the causes of facial anomolies
|
-developmental/inherited
-affected by drugs/alcohol -chromosomal aberation |
|
hyloid artery
|
-seen from 16-32 wks
->32 wks=cannot see it -echogenic line in orbits |
|
frontal bossing
|
-prominant frontal bone
-associated w/ dwarfism |
|
what is the schisencephaly due to?
|
-clefts due to an obstruction of the MCA
-triangular defect |
|
is there microcephaly with a cephalocele?
|
no
|
|
what is the brain like with acrania
|
abnormal, but present
|
|
is there fusion of the thalmus with ACC?
|
no
|
|
when might microcephale be diagnosed sonographically
|
24 wks
|
|
DWM
|
-occurs 1é30,00
-4th ventricle connects with the cisterna magna -due to obstruction of the foramina of luschka and magendie -cyst in post. fossa and defect involving cerebellar vermis(may be partial or complete) |
|
craniosynostosis
|
-premature fusion of cranial sutures causing abnormal cephalic index and mmishapen skull
|
|
what is hydrocephalus associated w/
|
DWM
NTD-spina bifida -cloverleaf skull -aquaductal stenosis |
|
What is ventriculomegaly associated w/?
|
-polyhydramnios
-hepatomegaly and ascites caused by infections -other cranial abnormalities: -meningomyelocele, encephalocle, dandy walker, intracranial tumors |
|
Intracranial hemorrhage
|
-chorioid plexus cysts are most sensitive to hypoxia
-when there is hypoxia, the choroid plexus cysts bleed and cause an intracranial hemorrhage -poor outcome -usually in preterm infants |
|
what are the differential diagnosis for prencephalic cysts, and the sonogrphic appearance of a normal one?
|
Diff Dx:
-arachnoid cyst -vein of galen aneurysm SONOGRAPHICALLY: -round head -cystic area in the brain |
|
what are remants of brain tissue called
|
angiomatous stroma or cerebrovasculosa
|
|
what are the sonographic features of microcephaly?
|
-small BPD, but normal other measurements
-Increased or decreased HC/AC ratio -sloping forehead -poor cranial growth on sonographic follow-up -abnormal cerebral architecture -intracerebral calcifications suggestive of infection(parvovirus/cytomegaloviris) -diagnosis made w/ serial exams -may not be evident until 3rd trimester. |
|
what are the causes of anencephalyÉ
|
-part of a syndrome
-chromosomal abnormality -teratonogenic insult -folic acid deficiency -hyperthermia In most cases, there is a multifactoral cause: -genetic -environmental -metabolic -nutritional |
|
holoprosencephaly
|
-results from incomplete cleavge of prosencephalon
-results in abnormal single large midline ventricle -assoc. with midline facial abnormalities(single nostril, or one orbit) -assoc. with chromosomal abnormalities(esp. trisomoy13 & 18) |
|
what may acrania be associated with?
|
-spinal NTD-meningocele and myelomeningocele
-equinovarous -cleft palate -umbilical hernia -increased fetal activity |
|
what does hydarnenecephay result from?
|
-ICA occlusion(most common)(vascular accident)
-infection(toxoplasmosis, herpes virus) |
|
intracranial calcifications
|
-diffuse or focal
-non-infectious and infectious causes -cross placenta to infect fetus TORCH -toxoplasmosis -rubella -cytomegalic inclusion cyst -herpes |
|
what are the etiologies and songoraphic appearance of schizencephaly?
|
ETIOLOGY:
-infarction of the MCA -uncertain -vascular occlusion -primary maldevelopment -infectious process SONOGRAPHICALLY: -bilateral symmetric areas of cystic necrosis |
|
what are some associated anomolies with ACCÉ
|
-clef lip
-GI -GU -CV -musculosketal pulmonary anomolies -trisomies -dandy-walker syndrome -holoprosencephaly -median facial clefts -complete or partial -acquired or developmental |
|
what are some associated anomolies with holoprosencephalyÉ
|
-CNS anomolies:
-hydrocephalus -ACC -microcephaly -ecophocele -myoelomeningocele -GI -facial |
|
porencephalic cyst
|
-cystic area of the brain that sometimes communicates with the ventricle
-single or multiple -no mass effect -due to intracranial hemorrhage or tissue nectosis resorption -milder form of hydroanencephale -cystic cavities within normal brain tissue -infarction or hemorrage into brain tissue |
|
what is the sonographic appearance of agenesis of the corpus callosumÉ
|
1)lateral displacement of lateral ventricles
2)enlarged apical and occipital horns 3)absent CSP 4)sunburst sign-increase suci from Intrahemispheric fissure(observed in last trimaster) 5)absence of CSP by 17-20 wks because it should be seen at 12wks 6)mild hydrocephalus 7)3 line appearance where the falx should be |
|
anencephale
|
-6:1 white black ratio
-occurs 1or 2 :1000 births -failure of closure of the rostral portion of the neural tube at 5 wks -absent brain and skull superior to orbits -most common and severe NTD -portions of midbrain, and stem may be present -proboscus may replace nose FEATURES: bulging eyes -macroglossia -short neck |
|
what are the sonographic features of an anencephaly
|
-cranial contents identified 12-15 wks
-acrania with absent intracranial structes -face and orbits present -normal or polyhydraminios -vasc. malformation -increaased fetal activity -sulci present |
|
what are the sonographic features of Dandy-walker malformations
|
-4th vventricle enlargement
-cystic mass continuous with the 4th ventricle -large posterior fossa -hypoplastic cerebellar vermis -obstructive hydrocephalus(80%) -absent corpus callosum(70%) -often polyhydramnios -cerebellar hemispheres may be flattened and separated -may be differentiated from subarachnoid cyst by continuity with thr 4th ventricle - |
|
what are the neural migration anamolies?
|
-Lissencephaly
-pachygyri -agyfia -encephaly |
|
ACC
|
(ACC)
-occurs 1é19,00 -failure of the development of the corpus callosum -usually associated with other anomolies(80%) -partial agenesis involving the posterior portion -CSP absent -high 3rd ventricle -unclear etiology(occurs in alcolol and substance abuse) |
|
what are the causes of microcephaly?
|
-maternal phenylketonia
-inherritance -chromosomal aberration -prenatal radiation exposure -maternal infection -heroin addict -mercury poisening -asphyxia |
|
what is ventriculomegaly a result of?
|
-increased CSF production
-decreased CSF absorption -cerebral atrophy -primary failure of brain growth |
|
schizencephaly
|
congintal
-bilat clefts in the cerbrum -fetal stage of development will determine resultant brain destruction |
|
amniotic down syndrome
|
fetus attached to membrane
|
|
first trimester screening
|
Maternal serum biochemical markers:
-fbhCG(free beta subunit oc HCG) -PAPP-A(pregnancy associated plasma protien) TRISOMY 21:(60% detection rate w/ serum screening): -incresed fbhCG -decreased PAPP-A |
|
give the causes of antepartum fetal deaths
|
30%-asphyxia-IUGR, prologed gestation
30%-maternal complications-placental abruption, hypertension, preeclamsia, diabetes mellitis 15%-Congenital malformation, chromosomal anomolies 5%-infection |
|
Triple Marker screen(TMS)
what is it? |
-optional blood test for pregnant women
-performed at 15-20 wks -measures markers produced by the fetus and/or the placenta |
|
PAPP-A
|
pregnancy associated plasma protien-A
-1st trimester screen -derived from trophoblastic tissue -diffuses into maternal blood stream -decreased levels in aneuloidy |
|
what is the other sceen for the quadruple scree vs. the triple screen?
|
Dimetric inhibin A(a placental protien)
-Elevated in down syndrome |
|
w/ edwards syndrome, what is sonographically different?
|
-orbits are too far apart
-small orbits -extended/overlaping digits -omphalocele(associated w/ chromosomal abnormalities) |
|
Fetal papyraceous
|
-rarly seen
-may occur in a missed abortion of a co-twin -nonviable fetus is compressed by the growing sac of the cotwin and becomes artially absorbed throughout the pregancy |
|
how is spina bifida determined?
|
-increased AFP
-amnio done -childen w/ spina bifida do not necessarily have a chromosmal problem -25% of spina bifida fetuses have hydrocephale(lg. ant horns) |
|
preeclampsia
|
-hypertension
-edema -proteinemia -must be cause early because it may cause the mother to have seizures, and thus fetal demise |
|
what is decreased MS-AFP associated w/
|
-<0.5 MOM
-not pregnant or normal -incorrect dates -chromosome abnormality(down syndrome) -fetal demse -GTD -unexplained |
|
MS Unconjugated Estriol(Ms-uE3)
|
Production is under the control of the:
1. placenta 2. fetal adreals 3. fetal liver 25% ;pwer om [regmamcoes affected bu trisomy 21 |
|
aneuploidy
|
abnormal number of chromosomes
|
|
what markers are increased/decreased with trisomy 21?
|
-hCG and Dimetric inhibin A are increased
-AFP and uE3 are decreased |
|
what are some examples of ovarian causes of infertility?
|
-PCOD
-hypothalamic amenorrhea -LUF-luteinized unruptured follicles |
|
what are the classifications of infertility?
|
primary-inability to produce ova or sperm
secondary-inability to transport fertilized egg to uterus(damage, adhesions, absence or obstruction of fallopian tubes) |
|
what are the complications of OHS?
|
-multiple pregancies of high order(may require fetal reduction)
-increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy -increased risk of heterophic pregnancy(1/100) |
|
what are some examples of tubal obstruction?
|
-ectopic pregnancy
-endometriosis -PID |
|
when does follicular monitoring begin with IVF/
|
day 7 post CC or hmg
|
|
medical abortions
|
drugs: mexotrexate and misporostol:
-up to 49 days LMP -pregnancy end in a day or two -may take up to 4 weeks to terminate |
|
when does OHS occur, how often does it occur
|
-occurs 5-8 days post hMG
-<1% of the time |
|
what are the types of abortion?
|
1. medical abortion-<7 wks
2. suction and curritage(vaccuum)(6-14 wks) 3. D&E-dialation and evacuation(15-19wks) |
|
depo-provera
|
-shot of progesterone that lasts 3 months
-prevents ovulation, mucous changes |
|
ICSI
|
intracytoplastic sperm injection
|
|
laminaria
|
derived from seafood; causes natural cervical dialation
|
|
what is the clinical and songoraphic appearence of ascherman's syndrome?
|
CLINICALLY:
-amenorrhea -dysmenorrhea SONOGRAPHICALLY: -thin endometrium -endometrium may be restored aftery lysis of adhesions and hormonal stimulation |
|
what drugs are used to induce ovulation
|
-lupron-suppresses ovulation; nasal spray
-HCG-lg dose=ovulation |
|
dysgerminoma
|
-rare
-malignant -young people(10-30) -unilateral -rapid growth -spred by: -rupture of capsul;e -peritoneal spread -lyphatic routes |
|
pseudomyxoma peritoni
|
-associated w/ mucin producing tumors of the bowel and mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
-produce thick gelatin material -metastatic implants may present as thick, solid mass adjacent to the adominal wall and bowel. -other implants may appear on the peritnela surface as focal echogenic implants. |
|
name some other facts about endometriosis?
|
-most common among young reproductive women
-symptoms decrease w/ pregnancy and in postmenopausal years -can cause fixed retroversion of the uterus -usually a bilateral disease -diffuse or focal |
|
what does an abscess present as clinically(usually)
|
-lower abdominal absceess
-adnexal tenderness -tenderness w/ cervical motiion |
|
what may a mimic a PID, and visa versa?
|
-ectopic gestation
-cyst w/ hemorrhage -malignancy -dermoid MUST USE CLINICAL FACTORS AND HORMONE IMBALANCE TO DETERMINE ORIGIN OF MASS. |
|
papillae
|
echogenic formations protruding into the liquid phase
|
|
cystic teratomas(dermoids)
|
-unilateral
-reproductibve age -benign -contain hair, fat, teeth, bone -superior to fundus -usually benign, but have malignant potential, and can mimic other malignant patholigy, aso are surgically removed. |
|
serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
-malignant
-multilocular -90% of ovarian cancers -may contain debris -up to 20 cm - |
|
cystadenocarcinoma
|
type of ovarian cancer to do with surface epithelial stroma tumor
|
|
what are symptoms of PID?
|
vaginal discharge
fever leukocytosis rapid pulse pelvic pain tenderness |
|
what are some examples of functional cysts?
|
-corpus luteal cyst
-follicular cyst -theca lutein cyst |
|
name and describe the stages of PID?
|
EDOMETRITIS:
-thich heterogenous endometrium -fluid in endometrial canal STAGE 2-SALPINGITIS: -tubular shaped distension -cogwheel sign -acute or chronic -hydro, hemato, pyosalpinx STage3:tubo-ovarian abscess: -usually bilateral -pyosalpinx and adhesions and fixed pelvic peritonitis -fitz hugh curtis syndrome |
|
when ovarian masses occur in the monopausal age group?
|
-theocma
-fibroma -ovarian CA |
|
parovarian cyst(paratubualar cyst)
|
-usually simple
-assymptomatic -wolffian duct remenatns -located in broad ligaments -sonographicallys appear as simple cyst adjacent to the ovary |
|
serous cystadenoma
|
-most common benign tumor
-reproductive and post meno -rapid growing -large and thin walled septa -unilateral - |
|
what dp androblastomas look like songraphically? what is a differential diagnosis for them?
|
SONOGRAPHICALLY:
-solid w/ cystic components -lobulated -encapsulated -2-30 cm in size -unilateral DIFF DX: fibroid(need to distinguish origin) |
|
non-gynecologic pelvic mass
|
found in post-operative and transplant patients:
-rectus sheath hematoma -abscess -hematomas -lymphoceles |
|
what is the clinical presentation, and sonographic appearence of ovarian torsion?
|
Clinical:
-acute unilateral pain-RLQ pain may mimic appendicitis -nausea -vomiting -palpable adnexal mass SONOGRAPHICALLY: -absent or decreased blood flow -dialated vessels along rim -free fluid in cul de sace -surgical emergency |
|
what is teh sonographic appearance of a dysgerminoma?
|
-solid homogenous and irregular definition
-foci of necrosis and cystic degeneration -radiosensitive -remove ovary -female seminto male - |
|
what is endometriosis cuases by? what are the clinical symptoms of it?
|
CAUSES:
-menstral reflux thru tubes -embryonc error of mullerian sys. CLINICAL: -infertility -dysmenorrhea, metromenorrhagia -dyspareunia |
|
what are the risk factors, and survival rate for ovarial carcinoma?
|
RISK FACTORS:
-family hx -breast cancer -nulliparity -infertility -late menopause 5 yr. survival rate=50% |
|
meig's syndrome
|
triad of ascites, pleural effusion, and benign ovarian tumor
-classically on the rt side |
|
hemorrhagic ovarian cyst:
what is it? what is the clinical presentation? What does it look like sonographically? |
-benign
-rupture of blood vessels CLINICALLY: -pelvic pain-abrupt onset -nausea -vomiting -elevated temperature -enlarged ovary(may be palpated) SONOGRAPHICALLY: -Can appear as any cystic appearence, or a hyperechoic mass simuating a solid lesion. -to differentiat, serial scans can be performed -a hemorrhagic cyst will have an altered internal sonographic appearance and/or decreased in size within 7-10 days. |
|
arrenoblastoma: what is it, when does it occur, what is the clinical appearence?
|
-sertoli-leydig tumor/androblastoma
-"sir" or"andro"=masculinizing -25-45 yrs. -ammenorrhea dn infertility |
|
what is the clinical presentation, and sonographic appearence of polycystic ovarian disease?
|
clinically:
-hirsuitism -obesity -infertility -oligomenorrhea SONOGRAPHIC: -normal or enlarged ovaries>12.5 -bilateral -multiple tiny cysts(string of pearl sign) -absence of dominant follicle |
|
fitz hugh curtis syndrome
|
extrapelvic manifestation of RUQ pain from perihepatitis
|
|
what is a theca lutein cyst, and what are the symptoms of it?
|
-cuased by increase b-hCG
-multiple cysts which means enlarged ovaries(up to 20cm) Symptoms: Nausea and vommitting |
|
hydrosalpinx
|
-usually post PID due to adhesive processes(endometriosis)
-pus in pyosalpinx resorbes and is transformed into fluid -fluid is trapped in fallopian tube -represents chronic infection |
|
what are the cliical symptoms of acute and chronic TOA? what is the sonographic appearence of it?
|
ACUTE:
-nausea -vomitting -abdominal pain -leukocytosis -fever, chills -abdominal distension -high erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ES) CHRONIC: -asymptomatic -vaguly symptomatic SONOGRAPHICALLY: -loculations w/ irregular borders |
|
what is the clinical presentation and sonographic appearence of pseudomyxoma peritoni?
|
clinical: very sick pateint if benigh, and metastatic implants if malignant.
-SONOGRAPHIC: -thick, solid mass adjacent to abdominal wall or -focal, small echogenic masses adjacent to peritoneal surface outlined by ascites |
|
brenner tumor and sonographic appearance
|
-uncommon
-solid -epithelial -2% of neoplasms -over 40 age group -estogenic-present w/ irregular bleeding -rare assoc w/ meig's syndrome -echogenic mass w/ small cystic spaces |
|
theca cell tumors(thecoma)
|
-benign, solid unilateral mass
--menopausal and post menopausal -estrogen producing -unilateral |
|
PID
|
-infection and inflammation of reproductive organs and peritoneal surfaces
-usually retrograde source -risk factors: -increases sexual activity IUCD users, smoking |
|
what are the types of sex cord stromal tumors? what sets them apart from other ovarian neoplasms?
|
-fibroma
-thecoma -granulosa cell tumor -sertoli leydig tumor(arrenoblastoma) -meigs syndrome (all solid) |
|
chronic salpingitis
|
-sereial incidents of falllopian tube inflammation
-tubal ostium may bo obliterated -peritoneal adheasion that devolop may cause tubal occlusion -associated w/ infertility and ectopic pregnancy -diagnosed w/ hysterosalpingofraphy or sonogysterography |
|
chronic PID
|
-normal looking uterus and complex adnexal and cul-de-sac masses
|
|
what is teh clinical and sonographic appearance of thecomas?
|
clinical: pelvic pain, and presssure symptoms
sonographic: same and fibroma |
|
what does pseudomyxoma peritonei cause?
|
loculated ascites and a mas effect
|
|
acute PID
|
-fuzzy outline of the uterus
-bilateral adnexal masses -clinical symptoms of uterus and ovaries feel fixed due to adhesions and fivrosis formation in pelvis |
|
rectus sheath hematoma
|
-bleeding into the recus sheath of the arterior abdominal wall
CAUSES: -trauma -surgery -blood dyscrasias -anticoagulant therapy |
|
meig's syndrome
|
1. pelvic mass
2. ascites 3. peural effusion(rt side, which causes SOB) -may compicate fibroma -once fibroma is removed, all symptoms are resolved. |
|
what is stein-leventhal?
|
an endocrine disorder associated with obesity, infertility, hirsuitism, oligomenorrhea, and polycystic ovaries
|
|
what is poycystic ovarian disease?
|
-follicles located on the periphery of a 20-30yr old
-benign -Dysfunctional hormone cycles -increased blood levels of LH/FSH -25% will have normal appearing ovaries |
|
fibroma
|
-unilateral
-up to 25 cm -multiple well, encapsulated solid tumors -associated with meig's syndrome |
|
TOA
|
tubo-ovarioan abscess:
-pus from fallopin tube communicates w/ ovary -gonorrheal or nonvenereal -sucessful treatment w/ antibiotic therapy |
|
corpus luteum cyst of menstration and pregnancy
|
-reproductive age
-post ovulatory -filled w/blood and serous fluid -produce progesterone and estrogen to a lesser extent. -less than 2.5 cm w/menstration, angd <10 w/ pregnancy -hyperechoic rim(ring of fire) -regress by 16 weeks pregnancy |
|
what is the clinical and songoraphic appearance of hydrosalpnx?
|
CLINICAL:
-colicky pain -asymptomatic-incidental finding -B-hCG useful to differentiate from ectopic SONOGRAPHICALLY: -anechoic fluid filled tube that is enlarged and fusiform(sausage shaped) -uni/biateral -tube normally tapers where it enters uterus and enlarges distally. |
|
what drugs may affect facial developing?
|
-alcohol
-codine -diazepam(valium) -retin A -antiepileptric drugs |
|
scanning criteria for nasal bone measurment
|
-midline sagital profile
-magnify image to display only head and uppper thorax -profle/transducer angle=45 degrees -obtain 3 lines in nasal region -=sign represents sline line, and nasal bone(inner) -3rd line is tip of nose` |
|
nuchal thickening
|
-thickening of skin on back of neck seen on the cerebellar veiw
->6mm@16-20wks=abnormal -outer edge of bone to outer skin edge -downs syndrome in 20-40% |
|
epignathus
|
-rare pharyngeal tuor that arises from the palate
-extends through the mouth ad creats an anterior mass -caries greatly in size and texture |
|
when should tooth buds be seen by?
|
-15/16 wks
|
|
macrognathia(retrognathia)
|
-shortening of the mandible
-small receeding chin -overbite -assoc. w/ trisomy 13 and 18 |
|
macroglossia
|
-enlarged tounge prenatally
-often protruding -beckwith-wiedemann syndrome -hypothyroidism |
|
MEDIAN cleft face syndrome
|
-aka frontal nasal dysplasia malformation complex
-hypertelorism -median clefting of the nose -varying degrees of palate cleftin -V shaped arterior hairline |
|
hypertelorism
|
-increased intraorbital distance
-may be isolated or part of a syndrome -assoc. anomolies: -craniosynostosis -anterior cephalocele -median cleft syndrome |
|
hypotelorism
|
-decreased intraorbital distance
-assoc. w/ holoprosencephaly(most common) -associated w/ microcephaly, trisomy 21, and 13 -best scan plane=coronal oblique |
|
fetal thyroid
|
`-functions by 12 wks
-thyroid enlargement or goiter may be seen with hypo/hyperthyroidism |
|
cebocephaly
|
-flat and rudimentry nose
-hypotelorism -single flat nostril -absent philtrum of upper lip -assoc. w/ holoprosencephaly |
|
give examples of other neck masses
|
--hemangioma
-lyphangioma -teratoma: these are all differentials for eachother |
|
goiter
|
-thyroid enlargement
-impared swallowing=polyhdramions -may be seen w/ fetal hyper/ hypothyroidism -small percentage of mothers w/ grave's disease have hyperthyoid fetus |
|
what are the fetal manifestations w/ a goiter?
|
-IUGR
-oligo -tachycardia -polyhadramnios -hyperextension of the neck |
|
give examples of giant neck masses
|
-cervical teratomas
-orthopharyngeal |
|
what are some associated anomolies w/ cleft lip?
|
-skeletal anomolies(most common)
-CVS-2nd common -trisomy13 -triploidy(69 chromosomes) -multiple syndromes -anencephaly -holoprosencephaly |
|
ethmocephaly
|
-extreme hypotelorism w/ supraorbital proboscis or absent nose
-assoc. w/ holoprosencephaly |
|
cyclopia
|
-single median orbit w/ various degrees of ocular fusion
-absent nose -proboscus from lower forehead -abscent facial bones -absent philtrum of upper lip -low set ears -assoc. w/ holoprosencephaly |
|
prognathism
|
large forward jutting jaw
|
|
diprosopus
|
-duplication of craniofacial structures
-from isolated duplication to completer facial duplication -single neck and body -rare form of conjoined twins |
|
name and explain some rare eye anomolies?
|
-anopthalmia-absence of one or both eyes
-micropthalmia-abnormally small eyes -cataracts-abnormally echogenic lens -dacrocystocele-lacrimal duct cyst located inferomedial to orbit. |
|
cleft lip and palate
|
-most common facial deformity at birth-lack of fusion of facial grooves
-fissure results in communication btw mouth and nasal cavity -best visualized in coronal oblique -incomplete cleft involves upper lip -2/3 patiens w/ cleft lip have cleft palate -congenital anomolies occur in more than 50% of fetuses w/ facial clefts - |
|
look at ian suchet dvd
|
normal face
frontal bossing cleft lip and palate nasal bone nasal proboscis |
|
which chromosomal abnormalities do choroid plexus cysts occur w/
|
trisomy 18 and 13
not 21 |
|
exencephale
|
aka acrania; see nothing above the orbits
|
|
what is nuchal edema
|
aka nuchal fold; done at the cerebellum level
->6mm=abnormal |
|
Is ACC associated w/ any cyts?
|
yes-there is often a cyst by the frontal horns w/ ACC
|
|
where is the best place to measure the lateral ventricle?
|
-@ the occipital horn(atria/trigone)
|
|
which anatomical structure is anterior to the thalmus of the following?
-occipital horns -cerebellum -cisternal magna -csp |
csp
|
|
where is the 3rd ventricle in relation to teh thalmi?
|
-medial
|
|
what is abnormal for interventricular distance btw the mid atrial wall and the choroids?
|
->3mm
|
|
what 3 things describe arnold chiari?
|
-hydrocephalus
-lubosacral meningocele -cerebellar herniation |
|
when are cysts seen in the endometrium?
|
-cystic atrophy
-cystic hyperplasia -endometrail polyps -endometrial CA -GTD -Tomaxifen therapy |
|
cervicala polyps
|
-irregular bleeding
-begnign -multigravidas -attached with a pedicle -canal may appear thicker than usual -usually asymptomatic. |
|
what are the 3 pelvic findings that may be influids by tomoxifen therapy?
|
-thickened endometrium
-endometrial polyps -endometrial CA -endometrial cystic hyperplasia |
|
pedunculated fibroids
|
appear as extrauterine masses
-fibrous stalk may be seen arising from the uterine fibroids |
|
ectocervix
|
a portion of the canal of the uterine cervix that is lined with squamous epithelium
|
|
what is the sonographic appearence of cervical cancer?
|
-retrovesical mass
-obstruction of the ureters -invasion of the bladder -bulkey and irregular cervix w -enlarged cervix with a solid echogenic mass. |
|
intrauterine synechiae
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found in women with posttraumatic history(curretage, and/or infertility)
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distinguish btw fibroids and adenomyossi?
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-fibroids are nuliparis, but A is multiparous
-F has discrete mass, But A is ill defined -F has a hypoechoic periphery, but A has myometrial thickening -F-hypo, iso, or hyperechoic; A-mixed echogenicity -F-cysts are uncommon; A-commonly has cysts F-Peripheral vessels; A-central vessels F-diffuse shadows; A-streaky shadows F-non tender; A-tender F-calcify after pregnancy; A-do not calcify |
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what are the congenital and acquired causes of hydrometrocolpos and hydrometra?
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CONGENITAL:
-imperforate hymen -vaginal septum -vaginal atresia -rudimentery uterine horn ACQUIRED: -endo/cervical tumors post radiation fibrosis |
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Endometrial hyperplasia
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-may be related to chronic estrogen stimulation
-most common cause of uterine bleeding -premonopauseal uterus>14mm -postmenopausal uterus>8mm -may be precurser to endometrial cancer |
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what are the 4 causes of secondary cervical stenosis?
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-cervical carcinoma
-radiation therapy -cone biopsy -post menopausal cervical atrophy |
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what are some diff dx for dysmenorrhea?
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-endometriosis
-salpingoophoritis -acute uterine retroersion |
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most common presenting symptoms of adenomyosis?
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-uterine enlargement
-pelvic pain -dysmenorrhea -menorrhea |
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name the 6 sonographic features of leiomyomas
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-globular
-localized-hypo, heterogenous -distortion of uterine wall -attenuation of sound -old fibroids have calcified walls -degeneration/necrosis |
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endometrial polyps
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-occur in 10% of women
-perimenopausal women -adenomatous endometrial tissue -usually asymptomatic but may present with bleeding |
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cervical cancer
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-affects menstral age women
-associated with: -early sex encounters -multiple sex partners -exposure to herpes2 -usually affects squamus cells |
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what are the qualities of a subseptate uterus?
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1 vagina
1 uterus suptum btw horns -able to get pregnant, but cannot continue pregnancy -septum can be removed in order for successful pregnancy, and it is often successful |
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what is the clinical presentation of endometriosis?
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-dysmenorrhea
-dysmarunia -infertility -pain 24-48 hrs before menstration -normal uterus |
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what is seen in hysterectemy patients after surgery?
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vaginal cuff
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why, with congenital uterine anomolies, is there an increased rate of miscarriage and preterm dellivery?
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-increased weakness of cervcal muscles
-decreased intrauterine space -decreased vascularity of placental implantation site -septate uterus associated with 1, 2nd trimester loss. -congenital anomolies associated with uterine rupture |
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when does endometrial carcinoma most frequently occur?
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-obesity
-hypertension -diabetes -short stature -more common in jewish women |