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315 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rhinos and poaching
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taking of horns does not stop poaching
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Possible Causes for Loss in Biodiversity
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Habitat Destruction
Global Climate Change Ozone Depletion Acidification Pollution Introduction of Exotic Species Pathogens Over-Harvesting |
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are there any pristine environments?
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no
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why is ecosystem preservation important?
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because ecosystem provide services to us
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ozone radation causes
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dna damage that leads to skin cancer
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Non-native species problems
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Eat native species and give diseases to native species
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Three parts of biodiversity
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Genetic, Species, Ecosystem
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Where are the most species diverse
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coral reef and tropical rainforest
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Why should we care about preserving Biodiversity?
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1. Aesthetic Reasons
2. Ecological and escosystem services 3. Medical health 4. Ethical reasons 5. Religious reasons |
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primitive
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contain many characteristics of ancestral forms
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Specialized animals
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eat specialized things, or live in specific areas
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animal w/ no symmetry
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sponge
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two types of symmetry
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bilateral and radial
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phytoplankton
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floating plants
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zooplankton
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floating animals
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nekton
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any free swimming organism in the ocean
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4 "dudes" of taxonomy
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aristotle
linnaeus darwin lamarck |
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radial symmetric animals move...
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slowly than bilateral
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biologists have described how many species?
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over 1 million
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how do we know that all animals are genetically related?
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through studying the fossil record and studying embryos
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primitive animals
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contain many characteristics of ancestral forms
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specialized animals
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have developed very specific needs
ex: koala only eats eukalyptus |
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degenerate animals
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animals that have evolved to be less complex
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what do members of a phylum share in common?
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body plan symmetry
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what else is important to know about an animals body plan other than symmetry?
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development, segmentaiton, levels of construction: cellular, tissue, organ
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survival depends on
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finding food
seeking shelter avoiding predators |
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sensory structures
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parts of the body that are specialized to respond to input from the environment (stimuli)
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receptors
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cells that respond to stimuli such as chemicals, light, sound, and touch
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What substances are exchanged in internal transport?
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respiratory gases
nutrients waste products |
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diffusion
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mechanisn by which small organisms move small molecular weight substances from one part of the organism to another
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example of an organism that uses diffusion
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amoeba
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in more complex animals, what replaces diffusion?
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circulatory system
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How is energy obtained?
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energy obtained by oxidation of food
bring in oxygen, give off co2 |
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methods for respiration in animals
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lungs, gills, skin
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osmoregulation
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balance of salt and water
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what is the problem with freshwater
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the influx of water must be removed and salts need to be taken in
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what is the problem with saltwater
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influx of sat must be removed and water must be taken in
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what is the problem with estuaries
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fluctuating salt and water
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how do animals coordinate activities?
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nervous system
endocrine system |
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3 aspects of ecological interactions
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predators
prey parasites |
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animals are
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eukaryotic and heterotrophic
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taxonomy
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converys evolutionary relationships
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ancestry of animals
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all members of the kingdom animalia are believed to have a common flagellated protist ancestor
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what are clues to evolutionary relationships between animals
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morphological
developmental molecular data support --> similar animal phylogenies |
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Animal body cavity types
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acoelomates
pseudocoelomates coelomates |
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what percentage of animals have a backbone?
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3-5%
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what percentage of animals are invertabrates?
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95-97%
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the oldest and largest animal environment
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sea
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what invertabrate doesn't live in the sea
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insects
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why is the sea a favorable environment?
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it is relatively uniform and less subject to environmental extremes
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sponges
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asymmetrical
no cell layers loose aggregate of cells |
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what are two key characteristics of sponges
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chanocytes and spicules
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chanocytes
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cells in sponges used for feeding and reproduction
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spicules
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sketetal strucutres in sponges that provide support and deter predators
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three sponge morphologies
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asconoid
synconoid leuconoid |
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difference bvetween sponge morphologies
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complexities
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Explain sponge reproduction
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can happen asexually or sexually
Asexual: budding Sexual: hermaphrodites (one individual has egg and sperm) |
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Cnidaria
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is a phylum
made up of sea anemones, corals, hydra, jellyfish Radial symmetry |
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Classes of Cnidaria
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Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa Anthozoa |
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hydrozoa
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hydras
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scyphozoa
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jellyfish
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anthozoa
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sea anemones, corals
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cnidarians have how many cells layers?
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two
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nematocyst
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found in cnidarians
studded tentacles that are used to capture prey larger and more complex than themselves |
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cnidarians and life cycle
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they have very complex life cycles that involve a stationary polyp and a free swimming medusa stage
*some species lack one of the stages |
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Ctenophora
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is a phylum
comb jellies (sea walnuts, gooseberries) two body layers |
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ctenes
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rows of cilia that help ctenophora move
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1. Ctenophore symmetry
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biradial
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1. Ctenophore Characteristics
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a. Descendants of first split lineage of bilaterally symmetric animals
b. Marine carnivores c. Simple life cycle f. Tentacles-not present around the mouth h. No nematocysts (except one species) |
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colloblast
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found in ctenophore and they are adhesive cells that help catch zooplankton prey
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Porifera common name
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sponges
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cnidaria common name
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jelly fish
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ctenophora common name
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comb jellies
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acoelomate
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no body cavity
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pseudocoelomates
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have pseudocoel
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coelomates
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have coelom
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acoelomates and pseudocoleomates are always....
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protosomes
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coelomates can be...
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protostomes or dueterostomes
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ecdysozoans
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molt
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Parazoans
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lack tissue, organs and definite symmetry
subkingdom |
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Sponges taxon
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kingdom animalia
subkingdom parazoan phylum porifora |
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Acoelomate common name
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flatworm
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Pseudocoelomate common name
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roundworm
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Coelomate common name
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earthworm
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cnidaria are called the radiata because
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they are radially symmetrical
DO NOT WORRY ABOUT BIRADIAL |
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In cnidaria, what about the cavity?
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No cavity between body wall and digestive tract
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sponges have what kind of recognition?
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cell to cell
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how to hydras reproduce?
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budding
grow children off of body |
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morphological types of cnidirian
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polyp-stuck
medusa-free swimming |
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rank ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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ectoderm-outside
mesoderm-middle endoderm-inside |
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What animals are complex?
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Parasites, arthropods (butterfly and moths), amphibians, cnidarians are all complex
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Bilateria breaks up into
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protostomes and deuterostomes because they develop differently
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protostomes break up into what clades?
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Spiralians and Ecdysozoans
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Ecdysozoans
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increase in size by molting their external skeletons (shed their skin)
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Spiralians
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grow regularly by adding mass to an existing body
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Two phyla of ecdysozoans
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Nematoda and Arthropoda
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What is bioluminescent?
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ctenophores
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Nematoda
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pseudocoelomates (roundworms)
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Arthropoda:
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coelomates (insect, crustaceans, and others)
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how many animal phyla are there?
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36
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what used to be the way that people grouped animals?
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based on body plan?
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how are animals grouped now?
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based on genetics rRNA
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porifera arose from
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eumetazoa
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Zoonotic disease
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a human disease that has an animal reservoir
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how many emerging diseases are zoonotic?
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58%
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how likely are zoonotic diseases to emerge?
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twice
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Two goals of organisms:
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Survival
Reproduction |
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Aspects of diseases that are important to emerging diseases
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Antibiotic resistance
Evolution of virulence Social interactions Common behaviors |
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Rabies is...
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a zoonotic disease
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in animals tissues develop from
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embryonic layers
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animals are
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eukaryotic heterotrophs
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Cleavage
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series of mitotic cell division with cell growth between division cycles (happens to zygote)
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Diploblastic
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only have ectoderm and endoderm.
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examples of diploblastic animals
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cntenophores and cnidirians
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All bilaterally symmetric animals have what tissue and are said to be called what?
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mesoderm
Said to be triploblastic |
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body cavities are only found in what type of animals
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triploblastic
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true coelom
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a coelom that forms from tissue derived from the mesoderm
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coelomates
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have a true coelom
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Pseudocoelomates
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body cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm
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Acoelomates
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do not have a body cavity
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Bilaterally symmetric animals can be broken into what two groups
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protostomes and dueterostomes
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protostomes
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blastopore develops into a mouth
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deuterostomes
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blastopore develops into an anus
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Do Parazoa have true tissues?
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no
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Are acoelomates protostomes or deuterostomes?
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protostomes
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Are coelomates protostomes or deuterostomes?
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deuterostomes or protostomes
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Are psuedocoelomates protostomes or deuterostomes?
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protostomes
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tripoblastic
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3 germ layers
endoderm mesoderm ectoderm |
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Osculum
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large opening where water flows out of in sponges
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Spongocoel:
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pores where water enters
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Choanocyte
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flagellated interior of the spongocoel whose movement allows for water to enter the sponge
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Sponges and sexual reproduction
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hermaphrodites
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cnidira are acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or coelomates?
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acoelomates
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two forms of cnidiria
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polyp and medusa
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how many openings do cnidiria have?
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one that acts as anus and mouth
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where are ctenophores found?
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marine environments
make up most of our plankton |
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ctenophores are descendants of?
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first split lineage of bilaterally symmetric animals
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Host behavior and parasites
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Behavior 1: avoid the parasite
Behavior 2: get rid of the parasite Behavior 3: act strangely |
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What to animal behavior has in common to get rid of parasite?
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-groom (to get rid, or eat parasite)
-avoiding parasites (horse swishing tail) -sexual selection of healthy males by females |
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Once you get parasite how will you get rid of it? (animal behavior)
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1. Consume medical plants
2. Inducing diarrhea 3. Inducing behavioral fever (sun themselves in the hottest part of the day) |
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Lophotrochozoa
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one of three major groupings of protostome animals.
The Lophophorata are united by the presence of a lophophore, a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth, and so were treated together as the lophophorates. |
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Ecdysozoa
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protostome superphylum
most importantly known characteristic is molting |
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Platyhelminthes common name
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flatworms
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Characteristics of Platyhelminthes
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-flatworms (tapeworms, planarians, flukes)
-bilaterally symmetric -central nervous system that processes information -no body cavity -no organs for circulation -marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats -tripoblastic -aceolomates -no organs for gas exchange |
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What superphylum are Platyhelminthes under
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Lophotrochozoa
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protonephridia
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networks of tubules with ciliated cells known as flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside in flatworms
Acts as kidneys |
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What are the four classes of platyhelminthes?
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turbellaria (free living flatworms), monogenea (monogeneans), trematoda (flukes), cestoda (tapeworms)
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Turbellaria common name
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planarians
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Turbellaria free living or parasitic?
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free living
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Trematoda common name?
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fluke
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Trematoda free living or parasitic?
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parasitic
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Cestoda common name
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tape worm
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Cestoda free living or parasitic?
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parasitic
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Characteristics of planarians
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Planarians are light-sensitive “photonegative”
Have a head Have eye spots Ganglia are collection of nerve cells (some call it a brain) Pharynx- mouth hole Protrude pharynx to eat Have digestive system, excretory system, and nervous system Have a Digestive system (1st time) Have an excretory system Have a nervous system Have a brain Flame cells-used for excretion Have the ability to regenerate |
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planarian reproduction
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hermaphrodites but they need another partner
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Parasitic life cycles:
Definitive Host |
The organism in or on which the parasite reaches sexual maturity
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Parasitic life cycles: Intermediate host
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Where the parasite undergoes some developmental & morphological change but does not reach sexual maturity
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Parasitic life cycles: vector
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Transmit infections from one host to another
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How should humans avoid parasites?
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cook your food and wash your hadns
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Characteristics of Trematodes--Flukes
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Have male and female organs in same organism
Flukes have complex life cycles and change hosts Parasite |
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Characteristics of Cestoda –Tapeworms
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Have hooks and suckers to attach to intestine
absorbs nutrients from intestine of host PARASITE |
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What do coelomates have that pseudocoelomates and aceolomates don't have:
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mesodermal lining
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tube within a tube digestive organization refers to
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pseudocoelomates
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Functions of a Pseudocoelom (and coeloms)
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• Provides surface area for absorption of nutrients
• Provides flexibility • Body cavity may circulate nutrients, oxygen, water, and ions and compliments the circulatory system • Body cavity may hold excess wastes & water • Body cavity may act as a hydrostatic skeleton, providing a semi-rigid body structure against which muscles can contract |
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General Characteristics of Pseudocoelomates
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• Bilateral symmetry
• Unsegmented • Three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) • Usually small • Complete digestive system • Protonephridia (equivalent to the kidney) for excretion • No circulatory or respiratory organs (no lungs and gills, not well developed blood vessels and hearts) • Nervous system: Cerebral ganglia (a bunch of nerve in one area), nerve ring some have eye spots |
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pseudocoelomates and sexual characteristics
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dimorphic sexes look different
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Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) is part of what superphylum
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lophotrochozoa
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Characteristics of Rotifera
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Pseudocoelom
Cement glands to cement to substrate Generally aquatic Highly predacious -microscopic in size -have digestive tract with separate mouth and anus - feed on microorganisms suspended in water |
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Corona
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part of rotifers
tuft of cilia at the top of the mouth |
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Rotifera and sexual life cycles
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can mate asexually or sexually
Hypodermic impregnation- male finds female and can penetrate it on any part of her body |
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Phylum Gastrotricha
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It’s basically a rotifer without a corona
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Phylum Kinorhyncha
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Zonites = body segments
Live in marine intertidal zone |
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Phylum Acanthocephala common name
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spiny headed worms
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Phylum Acanthocephala
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All are parasitic (mammals, fishes, birds)
Cylindrical evaginable proboscis- has barbs that attack host Sexually dimorphic Females are larger than male PARASITES |
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Nematoda common name
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round worm
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Nematoda characteristics
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• Advanced gastrovascular cavity
– Tubular – Two openings • Advanced sensory "ganglionic brain" • Lack circulatory and respiratory systems • Depend on diffusion for gas exchange • Most are harmless • Some parasitic Psuedocoelomates Also known as groundworms Sexually dimorphic, not hermaphrodites lateral lines for excretion |
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what animals undergo cryptobiosis
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pseudocoelomates
like rotifers and nematodes |
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cryptobiosis
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Type of suspended animation that is like dormancy
Lower their metabolic to incredibly low level so that their metabolism is so low that it is often immeasurable and the animals essentially appear to be dead |
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How do psuedocoelomates undergo cryptobiosis and withstand harsh conditions?
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Spiraling the body & clumping together causes them to preserve water And not dessicate. Cuts down on surface to body ratio.
-change shape and clump to lower oxygen consumption -have hard outer cuticle to resist hard environments like UV radiation |
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Lophotrochozoa are what type of tissue animal
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true coelomates
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Three phyla of the lophotrochozoa
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Phoronida = Phoronids
Brachiopoda = Brachiopods Bryozoa = Bryozoans |
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how do marine bryozoan larvae recognize each other?
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chemical signals = pheromones
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Phylum Annelida characteristics
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• Triploblastic (three layers of tissue: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
• bilaterally symmetric • protostomes – true coelom • complete digestive tract • segmentation |
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Annelida segmentation
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– leads to specialization
– allows coordinated movement • coelom is partitioned by septa • longitudinal and circular muscles |
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Three classes of annelida
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Oligochaeta
Polychaeta Hirudinea |
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oligochaeta
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– earthworms
– few setae – clitellum – monoecious • but don’t self fertilize |
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clitellum
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occurs mostly in earthworms
a thickened glandular section of the body wall that secretes a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited. Once the eggs have been deposited in the sac, the clitellum slides off of the earthworm's body. |
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Class Polychaeta
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– mostly marine
– many setae – parapodia • used for gas exchange and locomotion – some have no permanent gonads (sex organs) – trochophore larvae |
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setae
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stiff bristles present on the body of worms
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Class Hirudinea
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– leeches
– carnivorous; some are blood suckers • secrete an anaesthetic and an anticoagulant |
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common name polychaeta
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sand worms
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common name hirudinea
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leeches
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common name oligochaeta
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earthworms
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earth worms have how many hearts?
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5
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Phylum Mollusca
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VERY DIVERSE
Often have hard shells that they leave behind Mostly marine are also freshwater and terrestrial -Triploblastic -Bilateral symmetric Protostomes -coelom reduced to area around the heart -complete digestive tract |
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mollusks have what kind of circulatory system?
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open circulatory system
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Molluscan body plan:
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-mantle (secretes shell)
-visceral mass -foot -radula |
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muscular foot:
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for movement
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visceral mass
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containing internal organs of mollusks
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mantle
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fold of tissue that secretes shell
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radula
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a scraplike organ to scrape up food
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Class of Mollusca
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Polyplacophora (chitins)
Gastropoda (snails, slugs, sea hares) Bivalvia (scallops, clams, oysters and mussels.) Cephalopoda (octopus and squid) |
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3. Class Bivalvia
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-shell with two halves
-no cephalization -no radula -sedentary filter feeders scallops, clams, oysters and mussels.) |
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Cephalopods
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squid, octopus, etc
– well developed sensory structures, nervous system – fast moving – reduced or missing shell – closed circulatory system • blood is completely contained in vessels • The most intelligent, fastest moving and highly modified molluscs • all are marine predators with good/ excellent vision • include the largest invertebrate (giant squids) • foot is modified into tentacles with suckers • swim by jet propulsion |
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Main characteristic of arthropods
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they have an exoskeleton and joint appendages
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Arthropods have what type of body plan?
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coelomates
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Arthropods include what animals?
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examples
Insects, spiders, lobsters, cockroaches |
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what is the most successful phylum?
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arthropoda
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arthropod bodies are completely covered in...
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a cuticle
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General characteristics of arthropods
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Well developed sensory organs: smell receptors, eyes, antennae
have an open circulatory system cuticle that molts |
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open circulatory system
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open circulatory system : hemolyph is propelled by a heart through short arteries and then into spaces called sinuses surrounding tissues and organs (no blood vessels)
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Cephalothorax
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in arthropods
where head and thorax are combined together (ex: lobster) |
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Trilobites
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extinct arthropod s only know about them through the fossil record
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Compound eyes
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eyes that can broken into sections which can each see an individual image
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types of communcation in athropods
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auditory, chemical, and visual
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Gas exchange in arthropods
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versions of diffusion
Aquatic have gills Terrestrial have internal surfaces for gas exchange like tracheal sytems |
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class Arachnida general characteristics
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are under arthropods
include scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites. • Eight walking legs • Carnivorous • Simple eyes with a single lens (not a compound eye) |
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how do you tell the difference between a millipede and a centipede
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centipedes have one set of legs per segment and millipedes have
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scorpions carry babies...
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on their back
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animals that make up crustaceans
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– Crabs
– Crayfish – Lobster – Shrimp – Barnacles |
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crustaceans general characteristics
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• Vary in number of appendages
• Have two pairs of antennae • Generally with compound eyes • Exchange gases using gills |
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general characteristics of insects
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• Have varying eyes (single or compound) and mouth parts
• Not all insects have antennae (if they do it only comes in one set) only invertabrates capable of flight 3 pairs of legs exoskeleton open circulatory system |
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What is the great success of insects and why?
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Flight because
• Flying animals can escape many predators, find food and mates, and disperse to new habitats faster than organisms that must crawl on the ground. |
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eusocial insects
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have an extensive hierarchecal system
caste system one reproductive female |
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examples of eusocial insects
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ants, bees, wasps, termites, aphids
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termites and genetics
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Diploid
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Ants, Bees & Wasps and genetics
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Haplodiploid
males haploid females diploid |
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What are the implications of being haplodiploid?
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Sisters are more related to each other than to males
Queen produces more females This makes females (sisters) related to each Other by 75% NOT 50 % the way diploid |
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what is an example of altruism in insects?
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• Worker honeybees- sting to defend colony and die in the process.
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Class Myxini
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hagfish -- jawless fishes
first of the fishes |
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class petromyzontoiea
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lampreys-- jawless fishes
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Characteristics of Phylum Echinoderm
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• all marine
• triploblastic • true coelomates, deuterostomes • dioecious • larvae are bilaterally symmetric*** • larvae fees as a planktonic organism • adults are radially symmetric with no cephalization (no head region) • water vascular system • ring canal, radial canals, ampullae and tube feet • spiny skin • gills, spines, pedicellariae |
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Difference between adults and offspring in echinoderms
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adults- radial symmetric
kids- bilateral symmetric |
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cephalization
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refers to having a head region with sensory nerve organs
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What is unique about echinoderms vascular system?
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it is a water vascular system
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How many classes of echinoderms are there?
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6
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Class Asteroidea
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Echinoderms
– starfish or sea stars |
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Class Ophiuroidea
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– brittle stars
Echinoderms |
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Class Echinoidea
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– sea urchins, sand dollars
Echinoderms |
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Class Crinoidea
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– sea lilies
– sessile Echinoderms |
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Class Holothuroidea
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– sea cucumbers
Echinoderms |
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Class Concentricycloidea
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– sea daisies
Echinoderms |
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Phylum Hemichordata
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acorn worms
had new ways of capturing food |
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What are characteristics of chordates
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• triploblastic
• bilaterally symmetric • true coelomates, deuterostomes • dioecious • segmented |
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What are four characteristics that all chordates have at some stage in their life cycle:
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Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits Postanal tail |
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dorsal hollow nerve cord
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found in chordates at some point in their life cycle
Located on the dorsal part of the fish plate of ectoderm turns into it develops into the central nervous system |
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pharyngeal gill slits
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found in chordates
slits taht open to the outside of the bosy that allow water entering into the mouth to exit the body without passing throught the entire digestive tract |
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post anal tail
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in chordates
tail that extends past hte butt |
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Explain the origin of vetrebrates
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Vertebrates evolved jointed internal skeletons around a vertebral column, which allowed rapid swimming.
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What characteristics did vertebrates develop in order to accomodate their evolution
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• cephalization
• greater physical support (in most, notochord is replaced by a skeleton with vertebrae and a skull) • adaptations that support greater metabolic demand – closed circulatory system – hemoglobin in blood – feeding specializations – jaws from anterior gill |
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what features do fish have in common
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2 chambered heart
swim bladder for buoyancy aquatic change sexes |
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where did jaws evolve from
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anterior gill arches, allowing grasping and chewing of prey
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class chondrichtyes
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sharks and rays
cartilaginous fishes – keen senses • vision, electric fields, hearing, lateral line, sense of smell – most are carnivorous – largest are filter feeders |
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Clas sarcopterygii
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coelocanth lungfish
lobe-finned fishes bony |
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class actinopterygii
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salmon perch, flounders, etc.
ray-finned fish that are bony |
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class amphibia animals
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frogs, toads, salamanders
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class testudines animals
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turtles, tortoises
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class lepidosauromorpha animals
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snakes, lizards
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class crocodilia animals
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alligators and crocodiles
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class aves animals
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birds
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class mammalia animals
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mammals
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what classes used to make up reptiles
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class testudines (tutles)
clas lepidosauromorha (snakes, lizards) class crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles) |
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Why move to land?
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• escape from predators
• new food sources • new habitats |
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What two features allowed movement to land?
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• ability to extract oxygen from the air
– lungs • terrestrial locomotion – limbs |
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tetrapods mean
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four feet in greek
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first class to make the transistion to land
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amphibia
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amphibia developed from
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lobe-finned fishes
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key characteristic to tetrapods
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• four muscular limbs with well-defined joints and digits (fingers and toes)
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Ichthyostega
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earliest amphibian
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amphbians gave rise to
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crocodiles and lizards
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crocodiles gave rise to
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birds and mammals
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Amphibia – characteristics
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• external fertilization (females legs and male spreads sperm externally)
• unshelled eggs (oviparous) • respire via gills, lungs, skin • inefficient lungs – gas exchange also occurs across skin surface • ectothermic (cannot metabolically regulate body temperature) • 3-chambered heart – shows pattern of “double circulation” • pulmonary circuit • systemic circuit carnivores |
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• Ectotherm
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animal whose Tb is determined by the T of its immediate environment
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• Endotherm
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animal whose Tb is determined by its own metabolic heat production
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• Poikilotherm
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animal that has a variable Tb (amphibian and reptiles)
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• Homeotherm
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animal that has a constant Tb (birds and mammals)
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Order Urodela
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salamanders
• Loss or reduction of limbs • Elongation of the trunk • No tympanum/middle ear (no vocalization) • larvae similar to adults – but with external gills • ribs • teeth on both jaws |
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Order Apoda
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live under leaf litter
Caecilians |
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Order Anurans
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Frogs and Toads
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What is the big reason for the loss in biodiversity?
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habitat destruction
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What classes are amniotes
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Class Testudines (turtles, tortoises)
Class Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards) Class Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles) |
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4 layers of amniotic eggs
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1.amnion - surrounds embryo
2.allantois - stores and sequesters nitrogenous wastes 3.yolk sac 4.chorion - gas exchange |
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Turtle communication
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– visual and tactile, olfactory
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• Lizards, Snakes communication
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– visual, chemical/olfactory, some auditory
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crocodile communication
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– auditory, olfactory
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oviparous means
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egg bearing
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viviparous means
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live birth bearing
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what is the closest living relative to dinosaurs
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crocodiles
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Aves characteristics
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-endotherm
-four chambered heart Largest amniote group Scales on legs |
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bird adaptations for flight
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-light weight and streamlined form
-forelimbs are modified into wings -feathers -hollow bones -reduced organs (one ovary) -no teeth- gizzard (muscular grinding organ type) -oviparous (lay eggs) -nitrogenous wastes in solid form (uric acid) |
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Characteristics of mammals
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hair
mammary glands well developed facial structure endotherms |
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types of glands that mammals have
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sweat
mammary sebacious (secrete an oily matter (sebum) in the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair of animals) |
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monotremes
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egg laying mammals
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marsupials
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pouch mammals
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something that frogs and fish have in common
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lateral lines
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who are the lophophores
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brachiopods
entoprocta bryozoa |
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Both old an new phylogeny agree that
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-porifera 1st separated from eumetazoa
-among eumetazoa are cnidarians and ctenophores that branch out before bilateria |
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eumetazoa
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multicellular organisms
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Variola
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Small Pox
Highly contagious By contact Is an organisms |
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Bacillus anthracis
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anthrax
-soil dwelling endospores -irritates skin |
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Yersinia pestis
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-bubonic plague
-resevoir in marmont -bioterrorism |
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Francisella tularensis
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-Tularemia or rabbit fever
-Europe and Asia -resevoirs are small mammals and people -contracted from ticks and mosquitoes |
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Clostridium botulinum
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-botulism
-found in the soil |
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Filovirus
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Ebola, Marbug
-target primates -viral hemmoraghic fever -zoonotic |
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Arenavirus
|
Lassa Fever
-vector are rodents |
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West Nile Virus
|
-transmitted by mosqitos
-mainly infects birds -also humans |
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Dengue Fever
|
-transmitted by mosquitoes
-tropics and Africa |
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how many chambers are in a frog's heart?
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3
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frogs and sexual reproductoin
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external fertilization
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frogs and respiratoin
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inefficient lungs
they have the ability to respirate via lungs, gills, and by their skin |
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what animal first showed the ability for a pulmonary circuit?
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amphibians
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What was the first animal to have developed a digestive system?
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planarians
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pedicellariae
|
usually found in sea stars
They serve to keep the body surface clear of encrusting organisms, though some pedicellariae aid in food capture. |
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what mollusc has a closed circulatory system
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cephalopods
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what is the first class of animals to have a four chambered heart?
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crocodilia
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