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257 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ichthyostega
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early amphibian
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Transition to terrestriality
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ability to extract oxygen from the air
- lungs terrestrial locomotion - limbs |
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Movement onto land
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to escape from predators
new food sources new habitats |
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What did early amphibians evolve from?
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lobe-finned fishes
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What gave rise to webbed toes in amphibians?
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fins
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Amphibians consist of what animals
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frogs, salamanders, caecilians
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how do spirilians grow?>
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grow by adding mass
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how many extant species of amphibians are there?
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about 4000 extant species (frogs, salamanders, and caecilians)
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Amniotes
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egg laying
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How many extant species of amniotes are there?
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about 18100 (mammals, "reptiles' and birds
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tetrapods
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four muscular limbs with well-defined joints and digits (fingers and toes
worldwide distribution |
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what kind of environment do tetrapods inhabit?
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mostly terrestrial, but several have returned to the aquatic environment
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What important adaptation have tetrapods demonstrated that is important for life on land?
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skeletal strengthening (over fish)
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Amphibia characteristics
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need water for reproduction
- external fertilization - unshelled eggs (oviparous) -ectothermic - 3-chambered heart |
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are all frogs carnivorous?
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all adult frogs and toads, some tadpols
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what is external fertilization?
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females lay eggs in aquatic environment and male spreads his sperm over entire are (such as in frogs and fish)
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how do amphibians respire?
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via gills, lungs and through skin
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where do amphibians exhibit gas exchange?
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across the skin due to inefficient lungs
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3- chambered heart
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shows patterns of double circulation
- pulmonary and systemic circuit |
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Double Ciculation
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pulmonary and systemic circuitry
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ectothermy
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an animal whose body temp is determined by the temp of its immediate environment
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endotherm
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an animal whose body temp is determined by its own metabolic heat production
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poiilotherm
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an animal that has a variable body temp (amphibian and reptiules)
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homeotherm
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an animal that has a constant body temp (birds and mammals)
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Order Urodela (Caudata)
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salamanders and newts
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Order Apoda
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caecilians
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order Anura
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frogs and toads
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Characterisitcs of Order Urodela (Caudata) - salamanders and newts
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Loss or reduction of limbs
Elongation of the trunk No middle ear (no vocalization) larvae similar to adults ribs teeth on both jaws |
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Characteristics of Class Apoda - Caecilians
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live under leaf litter
amphibians giant worm like creatures carnivorous |
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What is the main cause in amphibian decline?
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Habitat Destruction
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How does UV radiation affect amphibians
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kills the eggs
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What are the causes of habitat destruction
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Habitat Destruction***main reason
Global Climate change Ozone Depletion Pollution Introduction of Exotic Species Pathogens Over Harvest |
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Prorifera first seperated from what group?
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Eumetozoa
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What are the two orders that comprise eumetazoans?
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Cnidaria (hydras and jellyfish) and Ctenophora (like jellyfish)
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Are Acoelomates and psuedocoelomates protostomes?
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YES ALWAYS!
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What two subgroupings make up Bilateria?
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protoostomes and deuterostomes
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Class Myxini
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Hagfish - jawless fishes
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Class Cephalaspidomorphi
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lampreys - jawless fishes
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Class Amphibia
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frogs toads and salamanders
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Class Testudines
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turtles and tortoises
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Class Lepidosauromorpha
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snakes and lizards
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Class Crocodilia
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alligators, caemens, and crocodiles
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Class Aves
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Birds
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Chordata is comprised of what classes?
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• Several classes of fishes
– Class Myxini (hagfish) -- Jawless fishes – Class Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) – Jawless fishes – Class Chondrichthyes (Sharks and rays) – Cartilaginous fishes – Class Sarcopterygii (coelocanth, lungfish) – lobe-finned fishes -- bony – Class Actinopterygii (salmon, perch, flounders, etc.) ray-finned fish -– bony fishes • Class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders) • Class Testudines (turtles, tortoises) ** • Class Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards) ** • Class Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles) ** • Class Aves (birds) • Class Mammalia (mammals) |
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What makes up the 3 classes the histrorically were considered the class Reptilia?
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• Class Testudines (turtles, tortoises) **
• Class Lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards) ** • Class Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles) ** |
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Class Mammalia
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Mammals
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All Chordates have what kinds of egg?
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amniotic
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What are the 4 extramembryonic membranes of an amniote egg?
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1.amnion - surrounds embryo
2.allantois - stores and sequesters nitrogenous wastes 3.yolk sac 4.chorion - gas exchange |
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All animals above what class are amniotes?
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amphibia
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What are the big differences between amphibians and crocodiles
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how they stnad on their legs and amphibians have a body plan at an angle
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Turtles
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solids skull; shell formed by a carapace and plastron
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Lizards, tuatara and snakes
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highly modified skulls, active predators
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crocodilians
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specialists in aquatic/ terrestrial interface
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scaly exterior prevents what?
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water loss (dehydration
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Tutatar is a lizard (t/f)
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false
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Oviparous
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egg laying
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viviparity
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live birth, no true placental connection
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What did is the closest extant class to dinosaurs
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birds (aves)
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Bird (class ave) characteristics
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endoderm, 4-chambered hard, only animal that has feathers, air sacs, hollow bones, evolution for flight, largest amniotic group
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Flight in birds
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-escape from predators
-exploit flying insects for food -facilitates hunting -allows exploitation of new habitats -migration between areas for feeding and breeding |
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Adaptations for flight in birds
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Adaptations for flight
-light weight and streamlined form -forelimbs are modified into wings -feathers -hollow bones -reduced organs (one ovary) -no teeth- gizzard (muscular grinding organ type) -oviparous (lay eggs) -nitrogenous wastes in solid form (uric acid) |
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Acute sense in birds
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-vision
-fine motor coordination -relatively large brains -most have a poor sense of smell -have air sacs |
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Mammalia
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all have hair and only mammals have hair, all do not look the same, HUGE diversity
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Mammary glands
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to feed and nourish young in mammals
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Hair
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helps to insulate the animal and maintain Tb
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Glands in Mammals
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sweat glands, sebacious and mammary glands
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Only flying mammal?
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Bats
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Placental mammals
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placenta gives nourishment
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what are egg laying mammals called
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monotremes
Include the platypus and echinda |
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Phylum Echinodermata
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approx 7,000 species
all marine triploblastic true coelomates dueterostomes dioecious • larvae are bilaterally symmetric • adults show radial • water vascular system • ring canal, radial canals, ampullae and tube feet • spiny skin • gills, spines, pedicellariae |
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6 Echinoderm Classes
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Class Asteroidea
– starfish or sea stars Class Ophiuroidea – brittle stars Class Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand dollars Class Crinoidea – sea lilies – sessile Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers Class Concentricycloidea – sea daisies |
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Class Asteroidea
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starfish or sea stars
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Class Ophiuroidea
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brittle stars
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Class Echinoidea (sponges)
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sea urchins and sand dollars
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Class Crinoidea
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sea lillies
- sessile |
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Class Holothuroidea
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sea cucumbers
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Class Concentricycloidea
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sea daisies
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Phylum Hemichordata
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• Evolution among the hemichordates and chordates led to new ways of capturing and handling food.
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Phylum Chordata Characteristics
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• triploblastic
• bilaterally symmetric • true coelomates, deuterostomes • dioecious • segmented |
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4 characteristics that all chordates have at some stage in their life cycle
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Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits Postanal tail |
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Name the 2 invertebrate subphylum of Chordates
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Urochordata and Cephalochordata
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Name the 3 subphylum of Chordates
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Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata |
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Subphylum Urochordata
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– tunicates, sea squirts
– adults are sessile • have gill slits but lose other three characteristics |
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
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– called lancelets, Branchiostoma, or Amphioxus
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Vertebrate Characteristics
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5 % of all animals
– show specializations associated with increased size and activity: • cephalization • greater physical support (in most, notochord is replaced by a skeleton with vertebrae and a skull) • adaptations that support greater metabolic demand – closed circulatory system – hemoglobin in blood – feeding specializations |
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Colonization of land
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Two fish lineages—lobe-fins and lungfishes—evolved jointed fins. Amphibians, the first terrestrial vertebrates, arose from one of these lineages.
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How did jaws in fishes evolve
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-Jaws evolved from anterior gill arches, allowing grasping and chewing of prey. Jawed fishes rapidly became dominant marine and fresh water animals.
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What kind of heart does a fish have?
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2-chambered
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2 classes of Bony Fishes
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Sarcoptergii
Actinopertygii |
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What are the two most biodiverse ecosystems
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Coral reefs and tropical rainforests
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Possible causes for loss in biodiversity
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Habitat Destruction
Global Climate Change Ozone Depletion Acidification Pollution Introduction of Exotic Species Pathogens Over-Harvesting ** There are no pristine environments |
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How are all animals related
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Genetically
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Degenerate animals
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evolutionarily complex but has led to a more simplified version
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specialized animals
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eat specialized things or live in specific areas (Opposite degenerate animals)
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What are the two types of symmetry
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radial and bilateral
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Sensory structures contain what?
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receptors
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Food intake
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the consumption of energy in the form of food. Animals have evolved a diverse array of remarkable ways by which they eat
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Internal transport
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an exchange of substances between an animal and its environment including respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products
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Characteristics of repspiratory surfaces
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thins a moist, lungs, gills and skin
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osmoregulation
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balance of salt and water
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What is responsible for the coordination of activities in animals?
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the nervouse system and endocrine system (hormones)
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T/F Crocodiles are more related to birds and to lizards
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True
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Do sponges have symmetry?
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NO
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3 levels of Construction
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cellular, tissue and organ
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Cleavage
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process that zygotes grow
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Sensory Structures
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part of the body that are specialized to respond to input from the environment
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receptors
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cells that respond to stimuli like light, sound, touch, etc.
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Internal transport
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the exchange of substances between ana nimal and its environment
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Diffusion
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mechanism by which small organisms move small molecular weight substances from one part of the organism to another
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T/F Most animals don't need a circulatory system
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false
most animals DO need a circulatory system |
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Eciological interaction
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predators, prey and parasties
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All animals are Eukaryotic and heterotrphic (T/F)
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True
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Taxonomy
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conveys evolutionary relationships
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what percentage range of animals have a backbone?
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3-5%
Therefore, 95-97% are inverts |
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What is the largest and oldest animal environment?
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The sea (ocean)
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Nekton
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free swimming animal
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plankton
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any floating animal in the ocean
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Are most animals protostomes or deuterostomes?
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protostomes
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Aceolomates
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no body cavity
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Pseudocoelomates
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have a psuedocoel
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Coelomates
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have coelem
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Acoelomates and psuedocoelomates are always protostomes or deuterostomes?
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protostomes
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Two major clades of protostome phylogeny
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Spirilians and Ecdysozoans
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Spirilians
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grow by adding mass to an existing body
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two main groups of Spirilians
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lophotrochozoa (mostly coelomates) and Platyzoa (mostly acoelomate)
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Parazoa
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lack tissues, organs and a definite symmetry
have comple multicellularity Include sponges (phylum Porifera) |
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Sponges (phylum Porifera)
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Are parazoans
include marine and freshwater species lossely organized lack cell layers and body symmetry have Choanocytes (collar cells) and spicules |
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2 key characteristics of a sponge
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Spicules and Choanocytes (collar cells)
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Coanocytes (Collar cells)
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used in feeding and reproduction of a sponge
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Spicules
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Used for a sponges structure
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Sponge life cycle
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Larval sponges are free swimming but adults are anchored onto submerged objects
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Cell-Cell recognition
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sponges demonstrate the use of this
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Where does water flow of a sponge occur
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In flow through the pore and out the osculum
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Sea anemones, corals, hydra, jellyfish
The "radiate" |
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Cnidarian characteristics
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Acoelomate
Have a digestive cavity, digestive lining, and solid tissue and a body wall |
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Class hydrozoa
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hydras
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class Sycphozoa
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Jellyfish
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Class Anthozoa
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Sea anemones and corals
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What kind of animals have a complex life cycle
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parasites
amphibians cnidarians arthropods |
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Ctenophora
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all are marine
Comb jellies have ctenes |
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Ctene
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specialized structure that is sticky on tentacle to catch prey
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Ctenophore Characteristics
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a. Descendants of first split lineage of bilaterally symmetric animals
b. Marine carnivores c. Simple life cycle d. Biradial symmetric (some radial some bilateral) e. Ctenes- rows of radially arranged ciliary plates f. Tentacles-not present around the mouth g. Colloblasts- adhesive cells that trap the zooplankton they eat h. No nematocysts (except one species) i. Larval form is different than the cnidarians larvae |
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Characteristics of Bilaterially symetric animals
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rapid movement
have head and tail |
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Zoonotic disease
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a human disease that has an animal reservoir
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Aspects of diseases that are important
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Antibiotic resistance
Evolution of virulence Social interactions Common behaviors Influence how pathogens spread and emerge |
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What are the 2 goals of an organism
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survival and reproduction
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What animal behavior has in common to get rid of a parasite
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groom (to get rid, or eat parasite)
-avoiding parasites (horse swishing tail) -sexual selection of healthy males by females |
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How to get rid of a parasite
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1. Consume medical plants
2. Inducing diarrhea 3. Inducing behavioral fever (sun themselves in the hottest part of the day) |
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Platyhelminthes
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flat worms
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Characterisitcs of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
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First bilateral symmetry
Ability to move forward using aggregations of nerve cells, ganglia True organs begin to evolve Many are free living—planarians Some are parasitic—tape worms and fluke |
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3 classes of Platyhelminthes
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Class Turbellaria (Planarians)
FREE LIVING Class Trematoda (Flukes) PARASITE Class Cestoda (Tapeworms) PARASITE |
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Class Tubellaria
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free living worms
mostly marine Have a head, eyespots, ganglia, pharynx Use of flame cells for excretion Exhibit a digestive, excretory and nervous system |
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Ganglia
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Collection of nerve cells (some call it a brain)
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Phayrynx
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Mouth hole that protrudes to eat in a flatworm
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Flame cells
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Used for excretion in flatworms
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Are planarians hermaphroditic?
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Yes, both male and female sex organs on one body
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Photonegativity
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light sensitive
Planarians demonstrate this |
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Evolution of the Turbellaria
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Turbellaria turned into Trematoda (flukes) and Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Both are parasitic |
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Definitive Host
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The organism in or on which the parasite reaches sexual maturity
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Intermediate Host
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Where the parasite undergoes some development & morphological change but does not reach sexual maturity
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Vectors
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transmit infections from one host to another
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Characteristics of Trematoda (flukes)
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have male and female organs (hermaphroditic)
Complex life cycles Change hosts |
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Characteristics of Cestodes
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Have hooks and suckers to attach to intestine
Is a parasite Psuedocoelomates |
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True Coelom structure
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surrounded by a mesoderm and partly lined by a cellular membrane
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Psuedocoelom structure
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have a psuedocoelom that lacks the mesodermal peritoneal lining
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Functions of a Coelom and Psuedocoelom
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• Provides surface area for absorption of nutrients
• Provides flexibility • Body cavity may circulate nutrients, oxygen, water, and ions and compliments the circulatory system • Body cavity may hold excess wastes & water • Body cavity may act as a hydrostatic skeleton, providing a semi-rigid body structure against which muscles can contract |
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Protonephridia
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equivalent to the kidney and used for excretion
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sexual dimorphism
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sexes look different
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Three germ layers
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mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm
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General characteristics of Psuedocoelomates
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• Bilateral symmetry
• Unsegmented • Three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) • Usually small • Complete digestive system • Protonephridia (equivalent to the kidney) for excretion • No circulatory or respiratory organs (no lungs and gills, not well developed blood vessels and hearts) • Nervous system: Cerebral ganglia (a bunch of nerve in one area), nerve ring some have eye spots • Sexes usually separate; sexual dimorphism (sexes look different) • Development direct or complex |
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Can Psuedocoelomates be free-living and parasitic?
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Yes
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Phlyum Rotifera characteristics
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Have head and tail
Corona-tuft of cilia at the top of the mouth Pseudocoelom Cement glands to cement to substrate Generally aquatic Highly predacious Hypodermic impregnation- male finds female and can penetrate it on any part of her body -Sexual way Rotifers can mate asexually too |
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Phylum Gastrotricha
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It's basically a rotifer without a corona
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Phylum Kinorhyncha
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have zonites (body segments)
live in the marine intertidal zone |
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Zonites
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Body segments
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Phylum Acanthocephala characteristics
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All are parasitic (mammals, fishes, birds)
Cylindrical evaginable proboscis- has barbs that attack host Sexually dimorphic Females are larger than male |
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Cylindrical evaginable probiscus
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has barbs that attack host
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Phylum Acanthocephala
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spiny headed worms
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Nematoda
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round worm
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Nematoda Characteristics
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molt
• Advanced gastrovascular cavity – Tubular – Two openings • Advanced sensory "ganglionic brain" • Lack circulatory and respiratory systems • Depend on diffusion for gas exchange • Most are harmless • Some parasitic – Hookworm – Trichinella – Dog heartworm |
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gastrovascular cavity
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tubular
two openings |
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Cryptobiosis
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type of suspended animation that is like dormancy
Sort of like “Suspended Animation” Lower their metabolic to incredibly low level so that their metabolism is so low that it is often immeasurable and the animals essentially appear to be dead |
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Psuedocoelomates and cryptobiosis
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• Some pseudocoelomates can withstand radiation more than 1000 times stronger than a human lethal dose
• Some pseudocoelomates can withstand temperatures from 150 degrees Celsius to near absolute zero |
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Adaptive value of cryptobiosis
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Seems clear for animals that live in temporary habitats subject to various
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What does the blastopore in protostomes develop into?
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mouth
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What does the blastopore in dueterostomes develop into?
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anus
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Lophophorates
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true coelom
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Three phyla of Lophophorates
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Phoronida
Brachiopoda Byozoa |
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Phoronids
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coelomates that have tough tentavles (called lophophores)
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Brachiopods
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used to bu in clam/ oyster group until they found the lophophores
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Lophophorate Lineage
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the lophotrochozoan lineage split into two branches, the lophophorates and the spirilians
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pheremones
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chemical cues and signals
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Phylum Annelida
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roundworms
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Annelida characteristics
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approx 15000 extant species
live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats triploblastic |
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Characteristics of Annelids
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• Triploblastic (three layers of tissue: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
• bilaterally symmetric • protostomes – true coelom • complete digestive tract • segmentation – leads to specialization – allows coordinated movement • coelom is partitioned by septa • longitudinal and circular muscles • closed circulatory system – blood is completely contained in vessels |
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Segmentation
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allows for coordinated movement
- coelem is partitioned by septa - longitudinal and circular muscles |
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Segmented Bodies in annelids
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improved locomotion
Annelids are a diverse group of segmented worms that live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. |
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3 classes of Annelids
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Hirudinea - leeches
Oligochaeta - earthworms Polychaeta - sandworms |
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Class Hirudinea
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– leeches
– carnivorous; some are blood suckers • secrete an anaesthetic and an anticoagulant |
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Class Oligochaeta
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– earthworms
– few setae – clitellum – monoecious • but don’t self fertilize |
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Class Polychaeta (sandworms)
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– mostly marine
–many setae –parapodia •used for gas exchange and locomotion –some have no permanent gonads –trochophore larvae |
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parapodia
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used for gas exchange and locomotion
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monoecious
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have both male and female sexual organs on same body
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Reasons for preserving biodiversity
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1. Aesthetic Reasons
2. Ecological and ecosystem services 3. Medical health 4. Ethical reasons 5. Religious reasons |
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Three parts of biodiversity
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genetic, species, ecosystem
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Genetic biodiversity example
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variation in beetles
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Species biodiversity example
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coral reef
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Ecosystem biodiversity example
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tropical rainforest
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tube feet
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used for motility in sea stars
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setae
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used for locomotion
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Class Oligochaeta
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earth worms
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Hirudinea
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leeches
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True segmentation
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leads to specialization
allows for coordinated movement coelom is partitioned by septa longitudinal and circular muscles for movement |
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What is the first segmented animal phylum?
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Annelids
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Earth Worm Characteristics
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have 5 hearts
brain mouth pharynx have a nervous system |
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Phylum Mollusca importance
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important phyla in terms of species richness and nearly ubiquitous in most ecosystems
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Molluscan Characteristics
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Mostly Marine but also terrestrial and freshwater
-Triploblastic -Bilateral symmetric -Protostomes -coelom reduced to area around the heart -open circulatory system -complete digestive tract -dioecious (male and female mollusks) -marine forms have larval forms: -trochophore larvae -veliger larvae |
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Molluscan body plan
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-mantle (secretes shell)
-visceral mass -foot (used for locomotion) -at somepoint over evolution the foot turned to tentacles -radula (scraping organ, or tooth) |
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4 Classes of Phylum Mollusca
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Class Polyplacophora
Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda |
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Class Polyplacophora
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chitons
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Class Gastropoda
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snails, slugs, and sea hares
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Class Bivalvia
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shells with two halves
no cephalization no radula sedentary filter feeders |
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Class Cephalopoda
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– well developed sensory structures, nervous system
– fast moving – reduced or missing shell – closed circulatory system •blood is completely contained in vessels |
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Cephalopods
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• The most intelligent, fastest moving and highly modified molluscs
• all are marine predators with good/ excellent vision • include the largest invertebrate (giant squids) • foot is modified into tentacles with suckers • swim by jet propulsion |
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Phylum Arthropoda
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Ex: Insects, spiders, lobsters, cockroaches
Extreme Importance: Economic, Ecological, Medical |
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Arthropod Characteristics
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• The world arthropod population has been estimated at a billion billion (1018) individuals.
• Nearly a million arthropod species have been described - two out of every three organisms known are arthropods. • This phylum is represented in nearly all habitats in the biosphere. • Most successful phylum • On the criteria of species diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers, arthropods must be regarded as the most successful animal phylum. • The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton constructed from layers of protein and chitin. |
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Arthropod body plan
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Have head and thorax and abdomen (ex bee)
Cephalothorax: where head and thorax are combined together (ex: lobster) Compound eyes: broken into sections which can each see an individual image Trilobites are extinct arthropod s only know about them through the fossil record Main sense: chemical signals |
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Arthropod sensory
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• Arthropods have well-developed sense organs, including eyes for vision, olfactory receptors for smell, and antennae for touch and smell.
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Hemocoel
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is a cavity or series of spaces between the organs of organisms with open circulatory systems
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Arthropodic gas exchange
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gills
terrestrial arthropods generally have internal surfaces specialized for gas exchange |
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Class Arachnida
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scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites
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open circulatory system
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hemolymph fluid is propelled by a heart through short arteries into sinuses (the hemocoel) surrounding tissues and organs
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Class Arachnida characteristics
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eight walking legs
carnivorous simple eyes with a single lens (not compound |
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Compound eyes
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broken into sections which can each see an individual image
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Cephalothorax
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where head and thorax are combined together (ex: lobster)
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Class Crustacea
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– Crabs
– Crayfish – Lobster – Shrimp – Barnacles |
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Class Crustacea Characteristics
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• Size varies from microscopic to 12 feet (3.7 m)
• Vary in number of appendages • Have two pairs of antennae • Generally with compound eyes • Exchange gases using gills |
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Class Insecta
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insects
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What is a key to the great success of Insects?
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flight
• Flying animals can escape many predators, find food and mates, and disperse to new habitats faster than organisms that must crawl on the ground. |
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Eusocial insects
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have complex social behaviors
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Chemical communication
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pheremones
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Order Hymenoptera
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ants, bees, wasps
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Irder isoptera
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termites
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Queens in eusocial insects
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Eusocial insect have a single reproductive queen
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Caste System in insects
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QUeen, workers, soldiers
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Through evolutionary time, it is thought that turbellarians gave rise to....
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cestodes and trematodes
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What two groups have comples life cycles?
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Frogs and rotifers
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Dengue fever
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Found primarily in the tropics
transmitted by mosquitos may be increasing its range can infect humans |
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protonephridium
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structure used for excretion in psuedocoelomates
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Larval amphibians and adult fish are alike in that....
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both groups breath via gills
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The opening of a newly developed embryo is known as a
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blastopore
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If you were in southern Italy and you found an ectothermic, winged animal with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages that was very colorful, it would most likely be
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an arthropod
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Chorate characteristics
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have a post-anal tail
pharyngeal gill slits a notochords dorsal hollow nerve chord |
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What are the 2 invertebrate chordate classes?
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cephalochordates and urochordates
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Cartilaginous fishes
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sharks and rays
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What group contains the use of collar cells
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sponges
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if you found an animal in the desert that was bilaterally symmetrical, had lungs, did not have scales, had a three chambered heart and was ectothermic, it is probably a...
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amphibian
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