Osteology

Front 1

Ball and Socket

Back 1

Femur head into acetabulum (socket of hip bone)

Front 2

Hinge

Back 2

Elbow and knee joints

Front 3

Saddle/Sellar

Back 3

Joint at base of thumb. (Moves in two directions)

Front 4

Planar Joint

Back 4

Joint where two bones slide across each other. (found in wrist and arch of foot)

Front 5

Cartilaginous Joints (Synchondroses)

Back 5

Articulated bones are united by means of cartilage and very little movement is allowed. (can be joints between growth centers)

Front 6

Symphysis

Back 6

Variety of cartilaginous joints in which the fibrocartilage between the bone surfaces is covered by a think layer of hyaline cartilage.

Front 7

Syndesmoses

Back 7

Right inflexible fibrous joints between bones that are united by bands of dense fibrous tissue in the form of ligaments. (tibia and fibula)

Front 8

Cranial Sutures

Back 8

Fibrous joints of the skull. -Interlocking (fibrous tissue between is thin)

Front 9

Gomphosis

Back 9

Joint at roots of teeth and bone of jaw.

Front 10

Synostosis

Back 10

When any two boney elements fuse together.

Front 11

Tendons

Back 11

Attach most muscle to bone.

Front 12

Ligaments

Back 12

Cords, bands, and sheets which bind bone together at joints. Define joint movement.

Front 13

Origin

Back 13

Site that stays relatively stable during muscle contraction.

Front 14

Insertion

Back 14

Site that is moved by muscle contraction.

Front 15

Extension

Back 15

Straightening of extremity.

Front 16

Flexion

Back 16

Bending/contraction of extremity.

Front 17

Antagonists

Back 17

Muscles that extend and flex.

Front 18

Compact Bone

Back 18

Solid dense bone structure on external surface and shafts of bone.

Front 19

Spongy Bone

Back 19

Porous, lightweight, honeycomb structure found in protuberances where tensions attach.

Front 20

Cortical

Back 20

External bone surfaces.

Front 21

Subchondrial (compact)

Back 21

Joints. -Compact bone covered by cartilage during life.

Front 22

Cancellous/Trabecular (spongy)

Back 22

Flat bones. Ends of long bones.

Front 23

Red Marrow

Back 23

Found in trabecular bone. Red blood forming.

Front 24

Periosteum

Back 24

Layer of thin tissue that covers bones in life.

Front 25

Endosteum

Back 25

Lines inner surface of bone.

Front 26

Osteogenic Tissue

Back 26

Both periosteum and endosteum are osteogenic. Contains bone forming cells that are numerous and active during youth.

Front 27

Collagen

Back 27

Protein molecule that accounts for 90% of organic content of bone.

Front 28

Hydroxyapatite

Back 28

Inorganic substance that causes collagen to harden when bones fuse.

Front 29

Histology

Back 29

The study of tissues.

Front 30

Immature Bone

Back 30

First kind of bone to develop in prenatal life.

Front 31

Mature Bone

Back 31

Replaces immature bone throughout life.

Front 32

Lamelar

Back 32

Bone tissue found in older bones from build-up of lamellae.

Front 33

Haversian Lamellae

Back 33

Concentric circles in trunk of long bone. (secondary osteon)

Front 34

Haversian Systems

Back 34

Allows compact bone to be nourished.

Front 35

Lacunae

Back 35

Small cavities found in lamellae.

Front 36

Osteocyte

Back 36

Living bone cell.

Front 37

Osteoblasts

Back 37

Bone forming cells.

Front 38

Osteoid

Back 38

Pre-bone tissue. Uncalcified organic matrix rich in collagen.

Front 39

Osteoclasts

Back 39

Responsible for bone tissue resorption.

Front 40

Resorption

Back 40

Removal

Front 41

Osteogenesis

Back 41

Bone development in embryo stage.

Front 42

Intramembranous Ossification

Back 42

Bones, particularly frontal and parietal bones, ossify by apposition on tissue within an embryonic connective tissue membrane.

Front 43

Hematopoietic

Back 43

Tissue that produces red and white blood cells and platelets

Front 44

Medullary Cavity

Back 44

Hollow inside shaft of tubular bones, surrounded by compact bone.

Front 45

Epiphysis

Back 45

Ends of long bones

Front 46

Diaphysis

Back 46

Shaft of long bone.

Front 47

Metaphysis

Back 47

Flared ends of shaft.

Front 48

Endochondral Ossification

Back 48

A growth process where bones are preceded by cartilage precursors called cartilage models.

Front 49

Nutrient Foramen

Back 49

Growth radiates from the location of initial penetration and becomes the nutrient foramen.

Front 50

Perichondrium

Back 50

Membrane found on long bones, surrounds the cartilage model.

Front 51

Periosteum

Back 51

A fibrous connective tissue which deposits more bone, layer by layer.

Front 52

Appositional Growth

Back 52

Allows shaft diameters to enlarge during development.

Front 53

Growth Plate/Epipheseal Plate

Back 53

A tissue layer responsible for bone formation.

Front 54

Hematoma

Back 54

Bloody mass that appears in a bone fracture. Coagulates as blood vessels are sealed off.

Front 55

Callus

Back 55

Fracture repair tissue that forms a natural splint.

Front 56

Primary Bony Callus

Back 56

Osteoblasts respond to fracture and within two days the callus mineralizes to form woven bone.

Front 57

Ontogeny

Back 57

The process of bones changing as an individual grows.

Front 58

Antemortem

Back 58

Changes happening during life.

Front 59

Postmortem Modification

Back 59

Alters both condition of the bones and the completeness of the skeleton.

Front 60

Taphonomy

Back 60

From the Greek words for "burial" and "laws". Described as a subdiscipline of paleontology.

Front 61

Perimortem

Back 61

Around the time of death.

Front 62

Actualistic

Back 62

Studies where one looks closely at natural bone modification in the world.

Front 63

Cut Mark

Back 63

Cuts on the bone caused by stone during defleshing/scarification activities.

Front 64

Chop Marks

Back 64

Result from forceful and abrupt contact between a tool edge and bone (rather than slicing).

Front 65

Scrape Marks

Back 65

Made when the edge of the tool scraped across a bone surface.

Front 66

Percussion Pits

Back 66

Shallow pits in bone caused by a fracture in bone.

Front 67

Percussion (anvil) Striae

Back 67

When percussion pit becomes a groove.

Front 68

Inner Conchoidal Scars

Back 68

Gouges taken from the bone shaft.

Front 69

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 69

Limbs

Front 70

Axial Skeleton

Back 70

Trunk

Front 71

Orthograde

Back 71

Trunk upright (human)

Front 72

Pronograde

Back 72

Trunk horizontal (quadrupeds)

Front 73

Mesial

Back 73

Toward the midline point of the dental arch where the central incisors contact each other.