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Orthopaedic Terms

Orthopaedic Terms

by shannon71474, Aug 2012

Subjects: orthopaedic terms

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	Abduction	Movement of a limb or body part away from the midline of your body.
	Above-Elbow Amputation	An ablative procedure of the upper extremity performed at a level above the elbow joint.
	Above the Knee Amputation	An ablative procedure of the lower extremity performed at a level above the knee joint.
	Abrasion	A lesion in which skin or mucous membrane is scraped or rubbed away.
	Abscess	A localized collection of pus in a cavity.
	Accessory Bones of the Foot	Irregularly occurring supernumerary but well-defined bones found in an otherwise normal foot.
	Ace Bandage	A propriety name for a woven cotton elastic bandage, used to apply pressure or support or for splint application.
	Acetabulum	The cup-shaped socket of the hip joint.
	Achilles Tendon	The conjoined tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the calf, situated at the back of the ankle and inserting into the calcaneous.
	Acromion	The flat, oblong, or triangular bony process formed by the lateral extension of the spine of the scapula that overhangs the shoulder joint.
	Active-Assistance Exercise	Movement of a muscle or part in which the patient is assisted.
	Active Exercise	Voluntary muscle contractions performed by a patient.
	Active Range of Motion	The range of motion achievable by voluntary muscle contractions are resisted by a therapist or mechanical device.
	Active Resistance Exercise	Movements performed by a patient in which voluntary muscle contractions are resisted by a therapist or mechanical device.
	Acute	Sharp, severe; a descriptive term used for a symptom or disease of severe, rapid onset, and/or brief duration.
	Acute Care	Treatment of the acute phase of an illness or disability.
	Adduction	The inward movement or an arm or leg toward the body.
	Adhesion	The union or adherence of two normally separate surfaces.
	Adhesive Capsulitis	A clinical affection of the shoulder joint characterized by chronic inflammatory process of the articular capsular and periarticular tissues.
	Adipose Tissue	Fatty Tissue
	Advancement	A surgical technique in which a detached structure, such as a ligament or a tendon, is reattached to a more distal point.
	Aircast	A brace that is composed of contoured, molded plastic shells and inflated aircells that provide comfort, support and gradual compression.
	Allergen	A substance, antigen, or hapten that incites hypersensitivity or allergy.
	Allergy	A state of specific increased reactivity of tissues or repeated contacts with an antigen and an antibody.
	Allograft	A tissue graft from a donor or one genotype of a species to a host of another genotype of the same species.
	Amputation	The removal of a limb, part of a limb, or any other protuberant body part.
	Amputation Flap	A simple broad based skin or myocutaneous section remaining after amputation of a body part.
	Amputation Stump	The rounded and shaped distal portion of an amputated limb or organ.
	Amputee	A person with one or more amputated limbs.
	Analgesia	The absence of pain on noxious stimulation.
	Anaphylaxis	An acute, severe, systemic hypersensitivity reaction caused by the release of histamine and other mediators from basophils and mast cells.
	Anchoring Holes	Drill holes made in the surface of bones to which a prosthetic implant is to be cemented.
	Anesthesia	A partial or total loss of sensation, with or without the loss of consciousness.
	Anesthesiologist	A physician specializing in the field of anesthesiology.
	Anesthesiology	The study of anesthetics and anesthesia.
	Anesthetist	A person trained in administering anesthetics, but not necessarily a physician.
	Aneurysm	A circumscribed dilation of the wall of an artery.
	Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO)	A short leg brace. Usually made of lightweight plastic that is worn inside the shoe. An AFO helps with better positioning of the feet and ankles.
	Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)	The ligament, located in the center of the knee, the controls rotation and forward movement of the tibia (shin bone).
	Antibiotics	A natural or synthetic chemical substance capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms.
	Anti-inflammatory	Inhibiting or reducing inflammation.
	Aponeurosis	A flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or bone or other tissues at the point or origin or insertion.
	Apprehension Sign	A voluntary or involuntary demonstration of anticipated fear. The attempt of the examiner to reproduce the unstable position that causes pain and apprehension.
	Arthritic	Pertaining to, or affected by arthritis.
	Arthrodesis	A procedure to remove cartilage of any joint to encourage bones of a joint to fuse or grow together, no motion is desired.
	Arthrofibrosis	Fibrotic scarring and adhesion in a joint, resulting in loss of motion.
	Arthrogram	A roentgen study obtained by arthrography.
	Arthrometer	A gauge that can apply stress across a joint and measure its translation in order to assess the degree of instability.
	Arthroplasty	Reconstructive surgery of a joint to restore motion because of ankylosis or trauma or to prevent excessive motion
	Arthroscopy	A surgical examination of the interior of a joint and evaluation of joint disease by the insertion of a optic device capable of providing an external view of the internal joint area.
	Arthrotomy	A surgical procedure to open and explore a joint.
	Articular Cartilage	Connective tissue that reduces friction between bony surfaces, found on the surfaces of bones within joints.
	Articular Fracture	Fracture that involves a joint surface, also referred to as joint fracture or intraarticular fracture.
	Asepsis	Absence of disease producing microorganisms.
	Aspiration	The withdrawal of fluid from the body or body cavity.
	Atrophy	Weakening of muscle tissue from lack of use.
	Attending	A physician who has completed a postgraduate training program and is responsible for patient care.
	Autoclave	An apparatus that uses steam under pressure to sterilize, especially surgical instruments.
	Autograft	Any tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same individual.
	Autologous	Derived from the same organism.
	Autologus Blood	Blood collected from a person for a later retransfusion to that person.
	Avascular Necrosis (AVN)	A disease caused by the temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to bones; bone lacking blood can collapse and die.
	Avulsion	The tearing-away or forceable separation of a part from a structure.
	Avulsion Fracture	Tearing away of a part; fragmentation of bone where the pull of a strong ligamentous or tendinous attachment tends to forcibly pull the fragment away from the rest of the bone.
	Axillary Block	A type of regional anesthetic in which the brachial plexus is anesthetized to produce anesthesia of the hand and forearm.
	Axillary Crutches	An underarm crutch that should be maintained about 2 finger breadths below the axilla.
	Bacteria	The plural of bacterium.
	Bactericidal	Capable of killing bacteria.
	Baker's Cyst	A distended bursa in the popliteal space of the knee.
	Bankhard Lesion	Detachment of the glenoid labrum and sometimes a bone avulsion from the glenoid.
	Benign Tumor	A nonmalignant neoplasm, or one that does not have the potential for uncontrollable growth and metastasis.
	Bennetts Fracture	An intra-articular fracture sublaxation at the base of the first metacarpal.
	Betadine	The trade name for a solution of povidone-iodine used as an antiseptic.
	BID	Twice a day
	Bier Block	A method of intravenous regional anesthesia.
	Bilateral	Relates to both sides of the body.
	Biopsy	To obtain a piece of tissue for histology evaluation, especially when there is a suspected tumor.
	Bipartite Patella	A congenital anomaly of the patella in which an accessory ossification center given the patella the appearance of being in two places.
	Bipolar Prosthesis	Any femoral head replacement device that is composed of a metallic shaft and a metallic acetabular cup with an interposed polyethylene liner.
	Board Certified	A physician or other health professional who has passed an examination given by a medical specialty board and who has been certified by the board as a specialist in that particular field.
	Bone Bank	A place in which homogenous bone is preserved and stored for use as allograft.
	Bone Cyst	Any saclike abnormality in a bone.
	Bone Graft	Pieces of bone used to create fusion. Bone graft may be obtained from the patient's iliac crest, rib, wrist or from the bone bank.
	Bone Scan	A scintigraphic study in which radiopharmaceutical agents are injected that are localized to the skeleton.
	Bone Spur	Any small bony projection.
	Buddy Taping	A technique for the dynamic splinting of a digit.
	Bursa	Fluid-filled sacs located between the bones, ligaments, or other adjacent structures which help decrease the friction in a joint.
	Butterfly Fracture	A bone fragment shaped like a butterfly and part of a comminuted fracture. Usually involves high energy force delivered to the bone.
	Calcific Tendinitis	Any inflammatory condition of a tendon associated with calcium deposits that are visible radiographically.
	Calcification	The deposition of calcium salts or calcareous matter within a tissue or structure.
	Callus	An acquired, circumscribed area of the skin, thickened by hypertrophy of the horny layer of the epidermis that is produced at a point of intermittent pressure, friction or irritation.
	Cancellous Bone	A type of structural organization of woven or lamellar bone, it is characterized by a reticular, spongy, or latticelike structure.
	Cancellous Bone Graft	Any bone graft, autologous or otherwise, in which cancellous bone is used in blocks, strips, or morselized.
	Cancellous Screw	Threaded screws used for internal fixation.
	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	Median nerve compression at the wrist caused by chronic synovitis surrounding the flexor tendons with repetitive motion or squeezing. Thenar muscle atrophy may be included, cause numbness, tingling, and dysesthesia in the hand at the median nerve distribution.
	Capsuloplasty	Surgical repair of a capsule
	Carpal	Of or in reference to the wrist.
	Carpal Bones	The eight small bones of the wrist, known collectively as the carpus. The bones are the navicular or scaphoid, the lunate, the triquetrum, the greater and lesser mutangulars (the trapezium and the trapezoid), the capitates, the hamate, and the pisiform.
	Cartilage	Connective tissue found between bones and covering the ends of the bones in joints; allows bones to move smoothly; supports and cushions the skeleton.
	Cast	A rigid circular dressing or casing used to encase or immobilize body parts.
	Cast Saw	An electrically powered vibrating saw used to cut through plaster or synthetic casts.
	Cast Spreader	A long-handled metal apparatus with short thin jaws, jaws are inserted in the cutting line to pry open a cast for removal.
	CAT Scan	An acronym for the images produced by computerized axial tomography
	Cemet	Any plastic material capable of becoming hard and binding together objects that are contiguous to it, bone cement.
	Central Nervous System	The part of the nervous system that is condensed and centrally located, e.g., the brain and spinal cord, CNS.
	Cerebral Palsy	A nonprogressive disorder that results from a static injury to the developing brain, producing permanent abnormalities in posture and movement.
	Cervical Spine	That portion of the vertebral column contained in the neck consisting of seven vertebrae between the skull and the rib cage.
	Chief of Staff	Member of the hospital medical staff who is elected, appointed or employed by the hospital and who serves as the medical and administrative head of the medical staff.
	Chiropractor	Person qualified in chiropractic and licensed by the state to treat disease primarily by adjustment of the spinal column or mechanical therapeutics.
	Chondrocyte	A mature cartilage cell that occupies a lacuna within the extracellular matrix.
	Chondromalacia	A pathologic state of softening with subsequent fibrillation, fissuring, and erosion of articular cartilage.
	Chondroplasty	Plastic or repairative surgery of cartilage.
	Chronic	Of long duration, opposite of acute.
	Chronic Pain	A pain that either persists beyond the usual course of an acute disease or the expected time for an injury to heal, or that recurs and persists for months or years.
	Closed Fracture	Fracture that does not produce an open wound of the skin, but does not result in loss of continuity of bone subcutaneously, formerly called a simple fracture.
	Clot	The semisolid mass of fibrin threads and trapped blood cells that forms when blood coagulates.
	Clubfoot	A congenital deformity of the foot usually marked by a curled shape or twisted position of the ankle and heel and toes.
	Coagulation Time	Measurement of the time required for blood or blood plasma to coagulate.
	Colles' Fracture	An eponym for a common fracture of the distal radius, usually comminution and impaction at the fracture site, with shortening of the radius and dorsal displacement of articular surface, resulting in dorsal angulation.
	Comminuted Fracture	Fracture with more than two fragments.
	Compact Bone	Dense or cortical bone.
	Compartment Syndrome	A condition in which increased tissue pressure within a limited anatomic space compromises the local circulation and, therefore, the neuromuscular and vascular function of the contents within that space.
	Complete Fracture	Completely broken through both cortices.
	Compound Fracture	A term formerly used for an open fracture, designating a fracture of a bone in which penetration of the skin has occurred and there is communication with the outside air.
	Compression Fracture	Crumbling or smashing of cancallous bone by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone; applied particularly to vertebral body fractures.
	Concentric Muscle Contraction	Any contraction in which a muscle shortens while tension is generated.
	Condylar Fracture	Fracture that involves any round end of a hinge joint, most common femoral and distal humeral fractures.
	Congenital	Exists at birth.
	Contamination	The presence of pathogenic microorganisms on animate or inanimate objects.
	Contraction	The tightening or shortening of a muscle during a short period of time.
	Contracture	Permanent contraction of a muscle.
	Contraindication	Any factor or condition that renders a particular line of treatment improper or undesirable.
	Contusion	A bruise or injury to the soft tissue in which the skin is not broken, usually produced by a blunt force, blow or fall.
	Convulsion	A motor seizure.
	Corn	A circumscribed, conical area of hyperkeratosis on the foot produced by excessive extrinsic or intrinsic pressure.
	Cortical Bone Graft	Any autogenous or other bone graft composed of dense, cortical bone.
	Coxa	Hip or hip joint.
	Cramp	A painful muscular contraction of spasm resulting from a disturbance within the peripheral neuromuscular system.
	Crepitus	Cracking or grating sound with sensation on movement of surfaces at joint; may indicate a wearing away of cartilage.
	Crutches	An ambulation aid composed of wood or metal with a single rubberized tip distally and a variable shape proximally.
	Crutch Paralysis	Paralysis due to excessive pressure on the brachial plexus caused by the axillary piece of a crutch.
	C-Spine	Abbreviation for cervical spine.
	CT Scan	Abbreviation for computerized axial tomographic study.
	Curettage	The removal of material from the walls of cavities and other surfaces by scraping with a curette.
	Curette	A spoon, ring or looped surgical instrument with sharp edges used to remove material from the walls of cavities and other surfaces by scraping.
	Cutaneous	Of or pertaining to the skin.
	Cybex Machines	The proprietary name for an isokinetic exercise machine, it allows the performance of reciprocal concentric contractors throughout the full range of motion, thereby encouraging simultaneous strengthening and coordination of reciprocal muscle groups at a wide range of speeds.
	Cylinder Cast	A circular cast used for immobilization in a number of injuries about the knee joint, it extends from just above the ankle to the proximal thigh.
	Cyst	An abnormal, closed, epithelium-lined sac or cavity containing a liquid or semisolid substance.
	Decompression	Surgical relief of pressure to any structure.
	Degenerative Disk Disease	A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging.
	Degenerative Joint Disease	A chronic joint disease characterized pathologically by a degeneration of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of a bone.
	Delayed Muscle Soreness	A distinct syndrome characterized by discomfort or pain in the skeletal muscles that occurs 24 to 72 hours after heavy exercise.
	Delayed Union	A term that indicates it is taking longer that the average time for a given bone injury to heal.
	Density	A descriptive term related to x-ray films and fluoroscopic screens, increased density produces a lighter or whiter shadow on the x-ray film or a darker shadow on the fluoroscopic screen.
	Dermatome	A surgical cutting instrument designed to excise split-thickness skin grafts.
	Development Dysplasia of the Hip	A condition in which the head of the femur is not stable within the hip socket. If the condition goes untreated, it can lead to pain and osteoarthritis.
	Depressed Fracture	Used to describe skull or articular surface fractures where fragment is displaced below the overall level of the skull or articular surface.
	Diagnosis	A word or phrase used by a physician to identify a disease from which an individual patient suffers.
	Diaphysis	The central part of the shaft of a long, tubular bone, primary ossification center.
	Diarthrodial Joint	A type of synovial joint characterized by hyaline cartilage covering the articular ends of synovial membrane lining the interior.
	Digits	Fingers and toes.
	DIP	Abbreviation for Distal Interphalangeal Joint.
	Disability	An alteration, limiting, loss or absence of an individuals' capacity to meet personal, social, or occupational demands, or to meet statutory or regulatory requirements of physical or psychological constitution.
	Disc	The inter-vertebral disc is a strong, rubbery and gelatin like structure which normally separates the individual vertebral bodies and allows movement between them. Discs are usually removed from the portion of the spine undergoing anterior fusion and replaces with bone chips to create a fusion.
	Discectomy	The removal of all or part of an intervertebral disc (the soft tissue that acts as a shock absorber between the vertebral bodies).
	Discharge Diagnosis	The complete set or list of diagnosis applicable at discharge to a single patient experience.
	Discharge Planning	A coordinated program developed by a hospital to ensure that each patient receives a program for necessary continuing or following-up care.
	Discharge Summary	A clinical resume prepared by the physician at the conclusion of a patients hospital stay.
	Discharge Transfer	The transfer of an inpatient to another health care institution at the time of discharge.
	Disfigurement	A change or abnormal appearance, which may be an alternation of color, shape, structure, or a combination of these.
	Dislocation	A dislocation occurs when extreme force is put on a joint, allowing the ends of two connected bones to separate.
	Displaced Fracture	Fragments are moved away from each other.
	Distal	Situated away from the place of point of reference, origin, or attachment.
	Distal Interphalangeal Joints	Diarthodial joints between the middle and distal phalanges of the fingers and toes.
	Dorsal	Relative to or situated on the posterior or back surface.
	Dorsiflexion	Toe up motion of the ankle.
	Dosage	The determination and regulation of the size, frequency, and number of doses of an agent to be administered.
	Down Syndrome	A chromosomal abnormality, generally due to trisomy 21.
	Drawer Test	A clinical examination for ligamentous stability, commonly called anterior drawer test and posterior drawer test.
	Dupuytren Contraction	Thickening and contraction of the palmar fascia of the hand resulting in flexion deformities of the fingers.
	DVT	Blood clots in the deep venous circulation usually of the lower extremity, in the calf, thigh or pelvis.
	Dynamic Splint	A device that aids in the initiation and performance of motion.
	Dynamometer	An instrument for measuring muscular strength.
	Dysplasia	An abnormal development of tissue; an alteration in the size, shape, and/or organization of cells or tissues.
	Dystonia	Impaired or disordered muscle tone.
	Eccentric Contraction	A muscular contraction in which overall muscle length increases during a tensing of the contractile elements.
	Ecchymosis	A blue-black, purplish, greenish brown, or yellow discoloration caused by extravasation of blood into the skin or mucous membrane, a bruise.
	Edema	Excessive accumulation of fluid in soft tissue causing swelling.
	Elastic Bandage	A bandage of woven stretchable, elastic material used to exert continuous pressure or support.
	Elasticity	The property of a material or a structure to return to its original form after a deforming load is removed.
	EMG	Electromyography, special machine that evaluates the capability of nerves and muscles to transmit and respond to normal stimulated electric impulses.
	Epicondyle	An eminence found on a bone above its condyle, ex. Medial and lateral prominent bony eminences at the distal end of the humerous and just above the elbow joint.
	Epicondylitis	Inflammation of the distal, nonarticular medial or lateral bony prominence of the humerus, commonly referred to as tennis elbow. Inflammation of the medial epicondyle is commonly referred to as golfers elboy.
	Epidural	The outermost of the three spaces covering the brain and the spinal cord, it is located on or over the dura mater.
	Epiphyseal Fracture	Involves the cartilaginous growth plate of a bone, also referred to as epiphyseal slip fracture, Salter Fracture, and Salter-Harris Fracture.
	Epiphysis	The end of a bone that lies between the joint surface on one side and the epiphyseal plate on the other.
	Equinus	A foot deformity in which the heel is in plantar flexion.
	Eversion	A turning outward, this turns the sole of the foot so that it tends to face laterally.
	Excision	The operative removal of part or all of a body component.
	Extension	The straightening of a joint so that the two adjacent segments are moved apart.
	Extensor Lag	The inability to actively straighten out a joint into full extension that may result from either weakness or a disruption of the extensor mechanism of the joint.
	External Fixation	A method of fracture management that uses percutaneous transfixing pins in bones, which these pins are attached externally to the bone through plaster, metal frames, or other devices.
	External Rotation	The movement of a body part away from a central axis.
	Extra-Articular	Situated or occurring outside a joint.
	Extra-Articular Fracture	A fracture that does not involve a joint surface but is adjacent to the joint.
	Fabella	A small sesamoid bone often found in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle.
	Facet	A small, smooth surface of a bone.
	FACS	Abbreviation for Fellow of the American College of Surgeons.
	Fascia	A sheet or band of connective tissue that envelops muscle and muscle groups, usually of similar function.
	Fascietomy	An excision of a fascia, treatment of Dupuytrens Disease.
	Fasciotomy	A surgical incision in fascia, treatment for compartment syndrome.
	Femoral	Pertaining to the femur or thigh.
	Femur	The thigh bone; also the biggest bone in the body.
	Fiberglass Cast	An immobilizing bandage made of self-curing plastics.
	Fibrin	A coagulated blood protein produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin on a soluble precursor, fibrinogen.
	Fibula	The long, thin lateral bone of the lower leg.
	Fissure Fracture	Crack in one cortex (surface) only of a long bone.
	Fixation	The act, process, or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening something in a fixed position.
	Flatfoot	A condition in which the loss of height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot may cause the arch to rest on the ground during stance.
	Flexion	The act of bending across a joint so that the two adjacent segments approach each other.
	Fluoroscope	A roentgen device that intensifies internal structures for scanning on a television monitor.
	Fluoroscopy	An imaging technique for visual diagnostic examination on a screen or monitor.
	Foot-Dorsiflexion Test	A refinement of the straight leg-raising test for sciatica.
	Footdrop	An inability to dosiflex the foot that is caused by paralysis of the anterior muscle of the leg.
	Foot-Flat	That part of the gait cycle when the forefoot makes initial contact with the walking surface.
	Foot Orthosis	A removable appliance placed within a shoe that applies force to the foot either to relieve pain or to improve balance and function in standing and walking.
	Forearm Crutch	A cane with a handpiece pointing forward at a 90 degree angle.
	Forefoot	The front part of the foot, including the metatarsals and the phalanges.
	Foreign Body	A substance or material abnormally present in the body space or tissue.
	Fracture	A partial or complete break in the bone.
	Fracture-dislocation	Fracture of a bone that is also dislocated from its normal position in a joint.
	Fracture Line	Any line or x-ray shadow considered to be the result of a fracture.
	Fracture Table	A table devised for immobilizing an extremity to help in treating fractures.
	Frontal Plane	Any vertical plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plan, divides the body into ventral and dorsal segments.
	Frozen Section	A histologic section that has been quick-frozen by microtome and immediately stained for rapid microscopic study and diagnosis.
	Frozen Shoulder	A clinical entity of unclear origin whose hallmark is a painful shoulder with markedly limited range of motion.
	Full-Thickness Skin Graft	A graft that consists of a full thickness of skin with little or no subcutaneous tissue.
	Fusion	The surgical formation of a bony ankylosis.
	Gait	A manner or style of walking, stepping or running.
	Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocation	A fracture of the radial shaft with an associated dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint.
	Game-Keeper's Thumb	A rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.
	Ganglion	A small mass of nerve tissue with neuron cell bodies, which often have numerous synapses.
	Gauntlet Cast	A rigid cover extending from below the elbow to the proximal palmar crease, including the thumb.
	General Anesthesia	The administration of a drug, usually in liquid or gaseous form, that produces a state of unconsciousness.
	Girth	In shoe terminology, the dimension around the last.
	Glasgow Coma Scale	A practical, standardized system to assess neurologic function and degree of consciousness impairment after a head injury.
	Glenohumeral Joint	The articulation between the glenoid and the proximal end of the humerus.
	Goniometer	A dual-armed instrument for measuring angles.
	Gout	A metabolic disorder that results from deposition of urate crystals in the joint and in the viscera, especially the kidneys.
	Graft	Any transplanted or implanted organ, tissue or object.
	Gram Stain	A differential histologic stain used to classify bacteria.
	Greenstick Fracture	In children, incomplete, angulated fracture with a partial break, also called incomplete fracture, interperiosteal fracture, hickory stick fracture, and willow fracture.
	Grip Strength	A composite measurement of hand, wrist, and forearm strength.
	Hairline Fracture	Nondisplaced fracture line (crack) in the cortex of the one.
	Half-Life	The time required for the body's biological processes to eliminate half of a given amount of an introduced substance.
	Hallux Valgus	A developmental deformity of the great toe and first metatarsophalangeal joint.
	Halo	An apparatus for immobilization and/or traction of the cervical spine.
	Hand Orthosis	A mechanical device designed for the upper extremity that uses applied force to improve stability and function or to correct ability.
	Handicap	An extra burden that an individual must either overcome or circumvent to avoid significant reduction of a specific functional ability.
	Heel Spur	An osteophyte that protrudes from the plantar surface of the anterior end of the calcaneous.
	Hematoma	A localized accumulation of extravasated blood that clots to form a semisolid swelling within the tissues.
	Hemiarthroplasty	An arthroplasty that addresses only one side of a joint.
	Hemorrhage	A discharge of blood from the blood vessels, profuse bleeding.
	High Tibial Osteotomy	A technique for the treatment of unicompartmental gonarthrosis that uses a wedge-shaped or dome-shaped osteotomy in the proximal end of the tibia.
	Hill-Sachs Lesion	Posteromedial humeral head dislocation. This is a cortical depression in the posterior superior head of the humeral head against the anteroinferior glenoid rim when the shoulder is dislocated anteriorly.
	Hip Arthroplasty	A general term referring to any of a number of surgical procedures involving the reconstruction of the hip joint.
	Hip Spica	A cast applied to the trunk and one or both legs.
	Hip Impingement	A condition in which the femoral head does not have a full range of motion within the acetabulum; caused by too much bone around the head and/or the socket turned backwards; causes pain that can result in damage to the cartilage and labrum.
	Home Health Agency	A public or private organization that provides health services in the patients home, either directly or through other organizations.
	Home Traction	A general term for any type of traction used by a patient and his family outside the hospital setting.
	Horizontal Plane	Any plane through the body that lies parallel to the horizon.
	Hospital	An institution that provides medical and surgical treatment for sick and injured persons.
	Humerus	The bone of the upper arm.
	Hydrotherapy	The external application of water in the treatment of disease and injury.
	Hyperextension	The extension of limb or joint beyond its normal limit.
	Hypertonia	Increased tension in the muscle.
	Hyperplasia	An absolute increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
	Hypertrophy	An increase in size or volume of a part or organ produced by enlargement of existing cells, not by an increasing number of cells.
	Hypnotic	An agent or drug that produces sleep or depression of the senses.
	Hypotonia	Decreased tension in the muscles.
	ICD-9-CM	Abbreviation for International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification. A reference in for reporting diagnoses codes.
	Ibuprofen	A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug marketed under various brand names.
	Ice Rub	The rubbing of a body area with a piece of ice.
	Idiopathic Scoliosis	A structural spinal curvature for which a cause has not been established.
	Iliac Crest	The iliac crest is the largest flat portion of the pelvis bone from which bone graft may be taken.
	Iliotibial Band	A thickened strip of fascia that runs laterally in the thigh from the iliac crest to the lateral tibial tubercle.
	Ilizarov Procedure	A method of immobilization of fractures using percutaneous transfixing wires in bone, that are attached to rigid external circular metal frame.
	Immobilization	The process of rendering a structure or body part fixed, or immovable.
	Impacted Fracture	Fragments are compressed by force of original injury, driving one fragment of bone into adjacent bone.
	Impairment	The loss of, the loss of use of, or the derangement of any body part, system, or function.
	Impingement Sign	A diagnostic test evaluating shoulder pain.
	Impingement Syndrome	A painful inflammatory condition of the shoulder characterized by the occurrence of pain during abduction or elevation of the arm, entrapment of the supraspinatus and biceps tendons against the anterior and inferior aspects of the acromion, the coracoacromial ligament, and the acromioclavicular joint.
	Implant	A tissue, device, or substance that is transferred, grafted, or inserted into the living body.
	Incision	The surgical cutting of tissue.
	Incomplete Fracture	Cortices of bone are buckled or cracked but continuity is not destroyed; cortex is broken on one side and only bent on the other side, typically called greenstick fracture.
	Infection	The entry into and multiplication of microorganisms in the body of human or animal.
	Inflammation	Body's normal response to injury, and body's defense mechanism to initiate the healing process.
	Injection	The introduction of a substance into a vessel, passage, tube, cavity, or tissue, usually through a needle puncture.
	Injury	Damage or impairment resulting from an accidental or intentionally inflicted trauma.
	Insertion	The anatomic point of attachment of a muscle, tendon, or ligament onto a bone.
	Instability	The loss of stability, term used in the description of joints after ligament injuries.
	Internal Fixation	In the surgical management of orthopaedic disorders and fractures, the use of metallic or other devices to obtain firm attachment either between bones or between soft tissue and bones.
	Interosseous Membrane	The fascia that interconnects two parallel long bones in a given extremity, such as that between and around cells.
	Intramedullary Nail	A metal rod or nail inserted into the medullary canal of a tubular bones to provide internal fixation and stabilization of diaphyseal fractures.
	Intramuscular	Within a muscle.
	Intravenous	Within or into a vein.
	Intrinsic Muscles	Muscles who origins and insertions both lie within the hand.
	Invasive Technique	A method, procedure, or treatment in which equipment and/or substances are introduced into the body.
	Inversion	The turning inward of a body party, such as the foot or sole, so that it tends to face medially.
	Iontophoresis	The introduction of drugs and/or chemicals into the body by means of a galvanic current.
	Irrigation	The process of washing out a body cavity or wound with a continuous flow of water of medicated solution.
	Isokinetic	A dynamic contraction that causes a shortening of muscle length in which resistance accommodates to the force applied and the speed is held constant by special device.
	Isokinetic Exercise	Exercise requiring the use of an apparatus that holds joint motion to a constant speed by offering resistance to muscle activity that matches the degree of that activity.
	Isometric	A muscle contraction in which the length of the total muscle remains unchanged during exercise, resistance is equal to force applied.
	Isometric Exercise	An active exercise performed against stable resistance in which there is change in the length of the muscle, muscle contracts without producing any motion of the joint.
	Isotonic	The contraction of a muscle that is allowed to shorten as it exerts a steady force.
	Isotonic Exercise	An active exercise in which there is muscle contraction and movement of the joint through an arc of motion against a constant resistance.
	Joint	Places of union between two or more bones allowing different functions. 5 different types of joints.
	Joint Capsule	The articular capsule, a connective tissue housing of a joint.
	Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals	A private accrediting agency that inspects hospitals and accredits those who meet its criteria.
	Joint Manipulation	A skilled passive movement of a joint, either within or beyond its active range of motion.
	Joint Mobilization	A very general term that may be applied to any active or passive attempt increase movement of a joint.
	Joint Mouse	A small, loose body or osteochondral fragment within a synovial joint.
	Joint Space	The space between two or more articulating prosthetic components.
	Jones Fracture	A fracture of the proximal diaphyseal portion of the fifth metatarsal.
	Keflex	A proprietary brand of cephalexin, an orally administered first generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
	Kenny Crutch	A double-upright forearm crutch with a leather cuff at the upper end.
	Kenny-Howard Splint	A device used in the treatment of acromioclavicular joint disruption.
	Ketoprofen	A type of nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug derived from proprionic acid
	Kienbock's Disease	An osteochondrosis or aseptic necrosis of the carpal lunate bone.
	Knee Immobilizer	A device used for immobilizing, supporting, or stabilizing the knee.
	Kyphosis	Curvature of the spine with the curve pointing toward the front of the body.
	Labrum	A fibrocartilaginous rim attached to the margin of a glenoid cavity that effectively deepens and enlarges the glenoid fossa.
	Laceration	A tear of any body tissue producing a wound with jagged or irregular edges.
	Lateral	Sides, right and left; outer surface.
	Lavage	The irrigation or washing out of an organ, body cavity, or wound with copious injections of fluid.
	LE	Abbreviation for lower extremity.
	Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease	An idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral capital epiphysis that occurs in children between the ages of 2-12 years, but mostly in the 4-8 year group
	Lesion	Any wound, trauma, diseased area, or pathological change in an organ or tissue.
	LHD	Abbreviation for Left Hand Dominant.
	Lidocaine	A short-acting local anesthetic agent that also has antiarrhythmic and anticonvulsant properties.
	Ligament	Attaches bone to bone.
	Limb	An extremity, such as an arm or a leg.
	Limb Lengthening	Any procedure that results in increased length of an extremity.
	Limb Salvage	The process whereby an extremity is maintained through resection and replacement with grafts and implants in a limb that would otherwise be amputated because of extensive trauma.
	Limb Shortening	Any procedure that results in decreased length of an extremity.
	List	A tendency to lean to one side.
	LLC	Abbreviation for Lower Leg Cast.
	LLE	Abbreviation for Left Lower Extremity.
	Local Anesthesia	The direct administration of an agent to tissues to induce absence of sensation in a small area of the body while the patient remains awake.
	Locking	A mechanical blockage of a joint movement.
	Long Arm Cast	A circular cast applied for immobilization of the upper extremity.
	Long Arm Splint	A splint used to immobilize a number of injuries involving the elbow and forearm.
	Long Leg Cast	A circular cast applied for immobilization of the lower extremity.
	Long Leg Splint	A splint used to immobilize the entire lower extremity.
	Longitudinal Fracture	When the break runs parallel to the bone.
	Loose Bodies	Any separation cartilaginous, osteocartilaginous, or osseous structure found loose within a joint cavity.
	Lordosis	An anterior angulation of the spine in the sagittal plane. Contrast to kyphosis.
	Lower Back Pain	A nonspecific term applied to any of a variety of conditions whose primary symptom is pain in the lumbosacral region.
	Lumbar Curve	A spinal curvature whose apex is between the first and fourth lumbar vertebrae (also known as lumbar scoliosis).
	Lumbosacral	Pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions of the back.
	Lumen	The cavity, duct, canal, or channel within a vessel or tubular organ.
	Luxation	A complete or partial dislocation.
	Lymph	A transparent, usually slightly yellow fluid, present within the vessels of the lymphatic system.
	Lysis	The disintegration of destruction of a cell or tissue.
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging	MRI, An imaging technique that employs radio frequency waves and a strong magnetic field to produce clinically useful images, excellent soft tissue images.
	Malignancy	Of or pertaining to a malignant condition, a cancerous neoplasm.
	Mallet Finger	Drop of the distal phalanx due to traumatic or arthritic avulsion to the extensor tendon over the distal interphalangeal (DIP).
	Malpractice	Inappropriate medical treatment due to negligence, ignorance, or criminal intent.
	Malpractice Insurance	The insurance carried by a physician or other health care professional to provide payment if that professional is found guilty of malpractice.
	Malunion	Bone unites but in abnormal position and/or alignment.
	Manipulation Under Anesthesia	MUA, An extreme, effective, passive stretching used to treat restricted motion from intraarticular adhesions or other soft tissue limitations.
	Manual Therapy	A collective term for treatment by hands, this includes massage manipulation, mobilization, and manual traction.
	Medial	Middle or median plane; toward midline.
	Medicaid	A federally funded, state administered program of health care benefits for the indigent.
	Medical Record Department	A department of a hospital or medical office that provides systems and services for filing, maintenance, security, and retrieval of primary and secondary medical records.
	Medicare	A federally funded program that provides health insurance benefits to those patients over 65 years of age or those eligible for social security benefits.
	Meniscectomy	The surgical removal of a meniscal cartilage.
	Meniscus	A curved part of cartilage in the knee and other joints.
	Metatarsalgia	Discomfort or pain in the region of the metatarsal heads and metatarsophalangeal joints.
	Microfracture	Microscopic cracks in bone or other materials due to fatigue or abnormal loading.
	Microsurgery	The branch of surgery in which ocular adjuncts are used to improve visual acuity, thus allowing the application of Halstedian principals to small structures.
	Midline	Any line that bisets a figure symmetrically.
	Mobility	The degree of motion of entire body or body parts.
	Mobilization	The act of increasing the motion of part or all of a body.
	Monteggia Fracture	Fracture of the ulna near the junction of its proximal and middle thirds associated with a dislocation of the radial head.
	Motor Nerve	A nerve consisting of different fibers that carry impulses outward from the central nervous system to activate a muscle, gland, or organ.
	Mucous Cyst	A benign cyst that typically appears in the skin on the dorsum and to one side of the distal finger joint in adults.
	Muscle Spasm	An involuntary, sustained muscle contraction of a specific muscle or group of muscles.
	Muscle Tone	The amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle.
	Muscle Atrophy	A loss of muscle mass or bulk.
	Muscle Endurance	The capacity of a muscle either to perform at a submaximal level to fatigue or to hold a maximum contraction.
	Myositis Ossificans	A condition in which heterotopic ossification occurs in muscles and other soft tissue.
	Myotome	In embryos, the muscle part or that part of the somite that given rise to skeletal muscle.
	Naprosyn	The proprietary name for naproxen, a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug.
	Narcotic	A drug that depresses the central nervous system in order to relieve pain and produce sleep.
	Necrosis	The death of cell, groups of cells, or tissues that form part of a living body.
	Neer Classification	An organization of proximal humerus fractures and fracture dislocation based on the number of displaced segments.
	Nerve	A group or bundle or nerve fibers along with the accompanying connective tissue and blood vessels.
	Nerve Block	A type of regional anesthesia that acts by blocking the passage of pain impulses in the sensory nerve supplying a particular region.
	Nerve Conduction Velocity	An expression of the physiological or pathological state of nerves, it is a test to determine the rate with which a segment or peripheral nerve conducts impulse, NCV.
	Nerve Entrapment Syndrome	A variety of disorders caused by the mechanical compression of a nerve within a confined anatomic space such as narrow fibrous passages, canals, tunnels, or thick, unyielding tendonous tissues pressing the nerve against the bone.
	Neuralgia	A pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves.
	Neurapraxia	A type of nerve injury that results in a transient loss of function.
	Neuroma	A term used to designate the nodule of tissue that grows out from the proximal end of a nerve that has been severed.
	Nonunion	Failure of progression of heeling with expectation of no further healing.
	Non-Weight Bearing	A term used to describe an assisted gait in which no weight is placed on the designated lower extremity throughout the gait cycle.
	NPO	Abbreviation for nil per os, which means nothing by mouth.
	NSAID	Abbreviation for Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug.
	Nurse	A person who qualifications are obtained at a formal program of an accredited school of nursing.
	Nurse, Charge	A registered nurse who directs and supervises the provision of nursing care in one patient care unit for the duration of one shift.
	Objective Sign	Any sign that can detect or is otherwise perceptible to the external sense by feel, sight, hearing, smell, measurement, or is clinically elicited.
	Oblique	Slanted fracture of the shaft on long axis of bone.
	Oblique Fracture	Slanted fracture of the shaft on long axis of bone.
	Occult Fracture	Hidden fracture (undetectable on a radio-graph) generally occurring in areas of the ribs, matatarsals, and navicula.
	Occupational Therapist	A person trained and licensed to provide instruction and supervision in the activities of occupational therapy.
	Occupational Therapy	A system of medically prescribed rehabilitation activities intended to increase coordination, range of motion, power, and function in performing vocational, avocational task, or activities of daily living.
	Open Amputation	An amputation with open end wound edges.
	Open Fracture	One or more fragments has broken through the skin, and there is loss of continuity of bone internally, formerly called compound fracture.
	Open Reduction	A reduction of a fracture or dislocation, or both, performed after a surgical incision has been made through the soft tissue.
	Open Reduction and Internal Fixation	A fracture treatment in which surgery is used to reduce fracture fragments and then hardware is implanted to maintain the reduction, ORIF.
	Opening Wedge Osteotomy	A procedure used to correct an angular deformity in which a straight cut through bone is wedged open with a pie shaped bone graft.
	Operating Room	The properly staffed and equipped hospital area for surgery, OR.
	Orthopaedic Surgeon	Physician who specializes in the musculoskeletal system.
	Orthosis	A mechanical appliance or apparatus that imposes counter forces on a limb in order to support it, to prevent or correct deformities.
	Orthotics	Devices that provide external control, correction, and support for the patient in need for nonoperative management of musculoskeletal disorders.
	Osgood-Schlatter Disease	A form of apophysitis that affects the tibial tubercle apophysis, usually males between the ages of 10-16, localized pain and tenderness over the tibial tubercle.
	Ossification	The formation of or conversion into bone or a bony structure.
	Osteoarthritis	A type of arthritis caused by the inflammation, breakdown, and eventual loss of articular cartilage in the joints.
	Osteoblast	The basic cell that forms all bones.
	Osteochondral	Of or pertaining to bone and cartilage.
	Osteochondritis	Inflammation of bone and cartilage.
	Osteochondroma	A benign tumor that contains both bone and cartilage and usually occurs near the end of a long bone.
	Osteoclast	A large, multinucleated bone cell that reaborbs mineralized bone matrix.
	Osteocyte	A mature bone cell derived from an osteoblast.
	Osteogenesis	The formation, development, and growth of bone.
	Osteogenesis Imperfecta	A genetically heterogenous family of heritable disorders of collagen synthesis, brittle and fragile bones, short stature, scoliosis, impaired dentinogenesis, hypermobility of joints, and blue sclera.
	Osteolysis	Destruction of bone caused by disease, infection, or loss of blood supply.
	Osteopenia	Any state in which bone mass is reduced below normal.
	Osteophyte	An outgrowth of bone which forms around joints, deforming the joints and limiting their movements; commonly found in joints with osteoarthritis.
	Osteoporosis	A common bone disorder characterized by decreased density of normally mineralized osteoid (bone)
	Osteotomy	A surgical procedure in which bones are cut and re-oriented, with the goal of improving upper extermity function.
	Outpatient Service	A term used for hospital-provided health given to patients does not require hospital admission.
	Palmer	Refers to the volar or anterior side of hand.
	Palsy	Term used to indicate paresis or partial paralysis.
	Parallel Bars	An apparatus used in physical therapy to facilitate a patients walking after an injury or disease.
	Paralysis	A complete or partial loss of motor function in a body part.
	Paresthesia	A disturbance of superficial sensation, described as burning, tingling, creeping, prickling, or pins and needles.
	Passive Exercise	The moving of parts of the body without the active use of the muscles crossing that segment or joint.
	Passive Movement	A movement of the body or of the extremities performed on a patient by another person or mechanical apparatus without voluntary motion on the part of the patient.
	Patella	Kneecap
	Patella Alta	A high-riding or elevated position of the patella.
	Patella Baja	A low-riding position of the patella.
	Patella Bursa	A saclike cavity filled with fluid in various location around the patella where friction might develop in the tissues.
	Patella Tendon Bearing	A design used in plaster cast formation, orthosis production, and lower limb prosthetics that reduce weight transmission through the lower leg.
	Pathologic Fracture	The break occurs at the site of preexisting bone disease.
	Percutaneous	Used in describing surgical procedures performed without a formal incision, means through the skin.
	Periosteum	A specialized connective membrane that covers bone surfaces except for the points of tendinous and ligamentous attachment and the articular surfaces.
	Peroneal	Relating to the fibular or lateral side of the lower leg.
	Perthes Disease	A condition in which the femoral head dies because of a temporary loss of blood supply to it.
	Pes Anserinus	A goose foot shaped expansion of the tendons or insertion of the semitendinosis, sartorious, and gracilis muscles along the medial aspect of the proximal tibis.
	Pes Cavus	A foot with an abnormal high longitudinal arch height.
	Pes Planus	A foot with a markedly reduced longitudinal arch height.
	Phalex	Any of the bones (or phalanges) or the fingers or toes.
	Physiatrist	A physician specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation.
	Physical Sign	An objective clinical sign manifested by a patient or detected by a physician on inspection, palpation,percussion, auscultation, measurement, or some combination of these methods.
	Physical Therapist	A person skilled in the techniques of physical therapy and qualifies to administer treatments as prescribed.
	Physis	The cartilaginous zone between the epiphysis and the metaphysic responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones formed by endochrondral ossification, growth plate.
	Pillion Fracture	A T shaped fracture of the lower end of the femur with posterior displacement of the condyl.
	Pilon Fracture	A comminuted fracture of the distal tibia and fibula with severe involvement of the tibial plafound, driving the talus superiorly into the tibia.
	Pins	A general term for narrow, pointed metallic implant, threaded or unthreaded, used in internal fixation and external fixation of fractures.
	Plantar Flexion	Flexing or bending of the foot in the direction of the sole so that the angle between the dorsum of the foot and leg is increased, pressing a gas pedal.
	Plaster Cast	An immobilizing, circumferential bandage made from plaster of Paris.
	Plaster of Paris	A chalky white powder made by removing water from gypsum, its chemical composition is anhydrous calcium sulfate, used to make casts and splints for immobilization.
	Podiatry	The specialized field that deals with the study and care of the foot, including the anatomy, pathology, and medical and surgical treatment.
	Popliteal	Pertaining to the area or space behind the knee.
	Post	Prefix meaning after
	Posterior Splint	A splint applied to the back of the lower extremity to provide support and immobilization.
	Postoperative	After a surgical procedure.
	Preoperative	Occurring prior to a surgical procedure.
	Presenting Symptoms	The symptoms or group of symptoms about which the patient complains on initial presentation to a practitioner.
	Pressure Bandage	A bandage used for applying pressure.
	Pressure Palsy	Paralysis resulting from prolonged external pressure on a peripheral nerve.
	Pressure Sore	An ulceration occurring in patients, caused by pressure.
	Primary Gout	A term applied to those cases of gout in which the underlying hyperuricemia is the result of an inborn error in the intermediary metabolism of purines and related compounds, over production and/or retention of uric acid.
	Primary Skin Closure	A technique of skin closure applied to clean lacerations or surgical wounds.
	Primary Tendon Repair	The repair of severed tendons at the time of primary wound closure.
	PRN	Term used for as necessary.
	Procedure	The act or process of treatment, operation, or diagnosis.
	Prognosis	An assessment of the future course and outcome of a patients disease.
	Pronation	Downward and inward.
	Prone	A position in which the palm of the hand faces downward.
	Proprioception	The sensation of position and charge of position of the body and its parts.
	Prosthesis	An artificial body part replacement.
	Prosthetics	The field of knowledge relating to the design, fabrication, and application of prosthesis.
	Pus	The fluid product of an infectious process.
	QID	Abbreviation for quarter in die, means four times a day.
	Radiculopathy	A non-inflammatory abnormality of a spinal nerve in the spinal canal or neural foramen, which results in a neurologic deficit.
	Radiologist	A physician who specializes in radiology.
	Radiolucent	A descriptive term indicating either the permeability or actual passage of an x-ray through a structure on other radiant waves or energy.
	Radius	The long bone of the forearm that rotates around the fixed ulna allowing for palm down and palm up positions of wrist.
	Rand of Motion (ROM)	The amount of movement present at a person's joint.
	Reconstruction	In orthopaedics, the surgical recreation of previously damaged structures by incorporating tissues other than those being reconstructed.
	Recus	Straight
	Recurrent	The return of a disorder or disease after remission.
	Reduction	In orthopaedics, the correction or restoration of fracture fragments or a joint dislocation or subluxation to normal anatomic relationship.
	Referred Pain	Pain perceived in an area remote from the organ of origin.
	Reflex	An involuntary motor response to sensory stimuli.
	Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy	A clinical disorder characterized by the presence of paid, hyperesthesia, and tenderness in the affected extremity.
	Regeneration	The regrowth of lost or injured parts of an organism.
	Rehabilitation	The restoration of a handicapped individual to the fullest physical, mental, social, vocational, and economic usefulness of which he or she is capable.
	Rheumatoid Arthritis	A chronic inflammatory disease whose joint affections are combined with a variety of extraarticular manifestations.
	RICE Regimen	An acronym for an initial, basic treatment regimen for acute muscuoskeletal injuries, including sprains, strain-contusions, and hematomas. Rice stands for REST, ICE, IMMOBILIZATION, COMPRESSION and ELEVATION.
	Risk Management	The planning, organizing, and directing of a comprehensive program of activities to identify, evaluate, and take corrective action against risks that may lead to patient and employee injury and property loss or damage-all of which resulting in financial loss.
	Rotator Cuff	A group of tendons and muscles surrounding the shoulder joint that includes the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, the teres minor, and the subscapularis muscles and tendons, RC muscles lock the humeral head into the glenoid and provides active abduction and rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
	Sacrum	Curved triangular bone at the base of the spine, consisting of five fused vertebrae known as sacral vertebrae.
	Sagittal	The vertical, anteroposterior plane that runs through the longitudinal axis of the trunk, dividing the body into right and left halves.
	SAID Principle	An acronym for the Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demand. It states that a reconditioning program must attempt to readapt the athlete to the demands that will be encountered.
	Salter-Harris Classification	A widely used classification system for fractures through the physeal plate.
	SAM Splint	An acronym for a Structural Aluminum splint.
	Saphenous Nerve	Sensory terminal branch of the femoral nerve. Supplies the medial border of the foot and the medial side of the proximal tibia via its infrapatellar branch.
	Scalpel	A surgical knife.
	Scar	The connective tissue replacement that follows the loss of dermal tissue.
	Sclerosis	A hardening of tissue; often occurs in advance stages of arthritis.
	Sciatica	A general term applied to the clinical syndrome associated with a herniated lumber intervertebral disk that causes nerve root irritation, which is characterized by low back pain radiating down the leg.
	Scoliosis	Sideways curvature of the spine greater than 15 degrees.
	Secondary Gout	An identifiable and acquired cause for the clinical manifestations of gout.
	Secretion	The product of any cell, gland, or tissue that is released through the cell membrane.
	Segmental Fracture	Several large fractures in the same bone shaft.
	Sepsis	The presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues.
	Septic	Of or pertaining to contamination with microorganisms or their toxins.
	Septic Arthritis	Any joint infection caused by pyogenic organisms.
	Serial Casts	The sequential application of casts for the progressive correction of a deformity.
	Shin Splints	A commonly used term for a syndrome of exercise induced leg pain more accurately called medial tibial stress syndrome.
	Short Arm Cast	A cast used for the immobilization of various injuries involving the forearm, wrist, or hand.
	Short Arm Splint	Any splint extending from below the elbow to the palm.
	Short Leg Cast	A cast extending from below the knee to the base of the toes.
	Short Leg Walker	A below knee circular reinforced cloth splint attached to a rigid foot plate via ankle hinges.
	Shoulder Immobilizer	An orthopaedic appliance that maintains the arm against the body for shoulder immobilization.
	Shoulder Spica Cast	A body jacket or cast enclosing the trunk, shoulder, and part of the upper extremity.
	Skeletal Maturity	When the bones, including the spine, are finished growing, skeletal maturity has been reached.
	Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)	A condition in which the growing end of the femur slips off from the rest of the femur.
	Snapping Hip	A descriptive name of a disorder caused by the presence of a tendinous band on the surface of the gluteus maximus muscle.
	Snapping Tendon	A condition, often asymptomatic, in which the slipping of a tendon over a bony prominence or exostosis may produce a well-marked snap or stimulation of locking.
	Snuff-box	A shortened reference to the anatomic snuff box, that depression noted along the dorsoradial aspect of the thumb with the thumb extended.
	SOAP	Acronym for Subjective, Objective, Assessment Plan; a system used in problem-oriented medical recordkeeping.
	Spasm	A sudden, involuntary muscular contraction.
	Spasticity	A state of increase in muscle tone when the muscle is passively lengthened.
	Spina Bifida	Congenital defect common in the lower back (lumbosacral region) of infants in which part of the vertebra does not fully develop (and in severe cases, nerve tissue) leaving a portion of the spinal cord exposed.
	Spica Cast	A cast that incorporates the trunk and an entire extremity, or a par, Hip Spica Cast.
	Spinal Column	The spinal column is made up of individual bones, ligaments, and discs. It surrounds the spinal cord.
	Spinal Cord	The spinal cord goes through the spinal column and consists of nerves, which carry and receive signals to and from the brain, arms, legs, and many internal organs.
	Spiral Fracture	Fracture line is spiral shaped, usually on shaft of long bones, also called torsion fracture.
	Spinal Fusion	The surgical creation of ankylosis or fusion of contiguous vertebrae.
	Spondylitis	An inflammatory disease of the spine.
	Spondylolisthesis	An anterior displacement of a vertebra on the adjacent lower vertebra.
	Sprain	A partial or complete tear of a ligament.
	Sprain-Ligament Rupture	Stretching or tearing of ligaments, varying in degrees from being partially torn (stretched) to being completely torn (ruptured), with the continuity of the ligament remaining intact. Grade I, II, III.
	Staging	A way of grouping malignant neoplasms so that a prediction of the necessary surgical procedure as well as a comparison of treatment results can be accurately made.
	Standard Crutch	A traditional axillary crutch made of wood.
	Steinmann Pin	Rigid, stainless steel pins used for internal fixation of bones.
	Stenosis	A narrowing of an opening or passage.
	Sterile	Free from all living microorganisms; aseptic.
	Sterile Technique	The method by which contamination with microorganisms is prevented to maintain sterility throughout the operative procedure.
	Steroid	One of many fat-soluable, complex, biologically active compounds whose molecules contain a system of four rings made up of 17 carbon atoms.
	Stiffness	A measure of resistance offered to external loads by a specimen or structure as it deforms.
	Stirrup Brace	An orthosis for the lower limb in which two upright bars articulate at the level of the ankle, with a stirrup-like shoe attachment designed to receive two uprights.
	Stirrups	Metal positioning devices used to support the legs and feet in a lithotomy position.
	Strain	A partial or complete tear of a muscle or tendon.
	Stress Fracture	A bone injury caused by overuse.
	Stump	The termination of a limb that remains after amputation.
	Subacromial	Below the acromion.
	Subacute	The disease state occurring between acute and chronic.
	Subjective Symptom	Any symptom perceptible only to the patient.
	Subluxation	Incomplete or partial dislocation in that one bone forming a joint is displaced only partially from the normal position.
	Sugar Tong Splint	An immobilizing splint applied to the humerus or forearm as a U-shaped coaptation splint.
	Superficial	Near or close to the surface.
	Supination	Upward and outward rotation.
	Supinator	Any muscle that functions to produce supination of a body part.
	Supine	Lying on the dorsal surface, with the face upward.
	Supine Position	The position in which the patient lies flat on his or her back, with arms at his or her side, palms down, fingers extended and freely resting on the table, and leg straight, with feet slightly separated.
	Surgery	The field of medicine dedicated to the treatment of disease or injury by operation.
	Surgical Asepsis	Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from all microorganisms.
	Surgical Drape	A sterile covering positioned over nonsterile surfaces to maintain aseptic conditions during surgery.
	Surgical Scrub	The process of removing as many microorganisms as possible from the hands and arms by mechanical washing and chemical antisepsis.
	Suture	In anatomy, the line of union of adjoining bones of the skull.
	Symphysis	A joint in which two bones are united by fibrocartilage.
	Symptom	Any indication of disease perceived by the patient.
	Syndactyly	Terms used to describe webbed or conjoined fingers.
	Synovectomy	Excision of the synovial membrane of a joint.
	Synovial Cyst	Cavities occurring near joints that are filled with synovial fluid and lined by either synovial membrane or reactive fibrous tissue that communicates.
	Synovial Membrane	A tissue which lines the joints and seals it into a joint capsule. The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) around the joint to lubricate it.
	Tendons	Fibrous cords that connect muscle to bone, and render function across a joint.
	Tendon Transfer	Surgical procedure in which the tendon is separated for its normal attachment and reattached in a different place. The goal of this procedure is to improve range of motion in the shoulder, wrist, elbow and hand.
	TFCC	Ring of cartilage on the outer distal portion of the ulna.
	Tibia	The shin bone, or larger bone of the lower leg.
	Traction	Any adjustable external appliance used in early treatment of fractures that suspend or deliver pull to any given part of the body.
	Transverse Fracture	Line of fracture across the shaft at right angles to the long axis of a bone.
	Trigger Thumb	Refers to a thumb that clicks, catches, or locks as the tip of the thumb moves from a flexed (bent) to extended (straight) position.
	Total Joint Replacement	A surgery done to replace a worn out joint.
	Ulna	Forearm bone that runs from the tip of the elbow to the little finger side of the wrist.
	Vertebrae	Individual bones which make up the spinal column.
	Vertebral Body	The front portion of the individual vertebra.

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