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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. How is the midface at birth and why?
After the age of 3 how does the mid-face grow? For how long does anterior displacement of the mid-face continue for? What is this anterior displacement of the mid-face due to? |
Wide due to the precocious development of the eyes
Grows most in height then in depth **grows least in width Anterior displacement continues until age 7 Due to interstitial cartilaginous growth of the anterior cranial base |
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2. Why does vertical growth dominate after the age of 7?
(two reasons) What are four important areas for downward and forward displacement of the mid-face? Which portion of the ethmoid bone is part of the anterior cranial base? |
1. Deposition at mid-facial sutures
2. Complex pattern of deposition and resorption of boney surfaces 1. Nasal bone 2. Volmer bone 3. Palatal bone 4. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Crist gali portion |
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3. What type of ossification forms both the volmer and ethmoid bones?
The volmer and ethmoid connect growth in which two areas? What does the palatine bone connect? How are both the maxillary and palatine bones formed? |
Endochondrial ossification
Connect growth in the anterior cranial base to growth in the mid-face Connects mid-face to the sphenoid bone of the middle cranial base Formed from membranes |
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4. What are the two components of the palatine bone?
Which one helps to form the roof of the mouth? What four bones are also part of the mid-face? |
Horizontal and vertical component
Horizontal area 1. Lacrimal 2. Zygomatic 3. Orbital plane of ethmoid 4. Nasal |
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5. In the human fetus is ossification of the volmer bone and palatine process of the maxilla seen?
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Yes
Endochondrial ossification of volmer bone has started in the perichondrium Intramembranous ossification of palatine process of maxilla has begun |
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6. What growth is seen at the anterior cranial base until the age of 7?
What does this do to the maxilla? How does the nasal septum grow? What does this do to the maxilla? When does interstitial cartilage growth cease? Where does remaining mid-face growth occur? |
Spheno-ethmoid synchondroses interstitial cartilage growth
Moves maxilla forward Interstitial cartilage growth until age 7 Moves maxilla downward & forward After age 7 At sutures and boney surfaces |
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7. If the nasal septum in growing rabbits is remove after birth what two things do the experimental rabbits demonstrate?
What type of malocclusion does maxillary hypoplasia produce? |
1. Contributions of nasal septum to mid-face growth
2. Removal of nasal septum produces maxillary hypoplasia Class III malocclusion |
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8. After the age of 7 what does growth of the circumaxillary suture system cause?
In general what two things does growth at sutures result in? |
Downward and forward growth of the maxilla
1. Increases bone size 2. Causes positional movement |
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9. If force is applied to the internasal sutures in growing rabbits what happens to the force?
If tension force is applied what are smooth surfaces consistent with? If compression force is applied what are scalloped bone surfaces consistent with? |
Spring transmits force via implants to the boney joint
Smooth = bone apposition Scalloped = bone resorption |
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10. What does the experiment of applying tensile and compressive force on mid-face sutures teach us?
Three things... |
1. Sutures are active sites of bone growth
2. As growth of other sutures forces sutures joints apart, they rapidly deposit bone on their surface 3. As force from other tissues compress suture joints, less bone is deposited |
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11. In humans what modifies growth of mid-facial sutures?
What muscles transmit forces to the mandible and maxilla during function? Where is bone laid down on the maxillary arch and zygomatic process? Where does resorptive remodeling occur on the maxilla and zygomatic process? |
Forces from jaw-closing muscles
Masseter and medial pterygoid Laid down on inner surfaces Resorptive occurs at anterior surfaces |
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12. In the maxilla, overall growth changes are the result of what two processes?
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1. Downward and forward translation of the maxilla
2. Simultaneous surface remodeling |
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13. As the maxilla grows downward and forward what happens to its front surfaces?
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Remodeled
**bone is removed from most of the anterior surface **small area around the anterior nasal spine is an exception |
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14. What is the maxillary tuberosity?
What type of bone growth occurs at the tuberosity? To what three areas of the maxilla is bone added to? |
Lower part of the infratemporal surface of the maxilla
Appositional 1. Posterior 2. Lateral 3. Inferior |
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15. What augments the translation of the roof of the mouth?
What type of area is the anterior part of the alveolar process? What does removal of bone from the surface of the anterior part of the alveolar process tend to do? |
Pattern of apposition and resorption
Resorptive area Tends to cancel some of the forward growth due to translation of the entire maxilla |
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16. How does the zygomatic arch move?
How does it do this? (two ways) |
Laterally
1. Resorption on the medial side w/in the temporal fossa 2. Deposition on the lateral side |
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17. How is half the process of palatal descent produced?
What is the major direction of alveolar bone growth? What is the alveolar bone growth responsible for? |
By downward displacement of the whole maxilla
Inferior Responsible for a major portion of the increasing vertical size of the maxilla |
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18. The whole maxillary complex is translated downward and forward as the maxilla moves away from the cranium due to what two remodeling changes?
What are the growth contributions in proportion? |
1. Floor of the nose is a resorptive area
2. Roof of mouth is appositional area 1. Tooth eruption 2. Suture growth 3. Orbit positioning 4. Nose and palate 5. Zygomatic arch |
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19. What is the result of a mean transverse rotation of the two maxillary bones during growth?
What is a major cause of dental crowding? What role does variations in muscle force play in the vertical growth of the face? |
Shortening of the dental arch in the mid-sagittal plane
Shortening of the dental arch in the mid-sagittal plane Myosin molecules spontaneously self assemble into long filaments w/ the heads projecting outwards |
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20. How are type II masticatory fiber type?
Three things... |
1. "Super fast" contraction speed
2. Fatigue resistant 3. All carnivores and primates except man |
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21. What does deletion in MHC IIM cause?
What are the seven processes of the face of the embryo? |
Frame shift mutation & lack of translation
1. Two mandibular 2. Two maxillary 3. Two lateral nasal 4. Medial nasal |
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22. When does the ossification of the maxilla usually begin?
How do all the bones of the upper face develop? |
Sixth week in utero
**third bone to begin ossification By intramembranous formation |
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23. What are the functions of remodeling growth?
Two things... |
1. Increase the dimensions of the local parts and areas of each bone
2. Reshape areas in order to maintain a certain constancy in the configuration of the whole bone as it enlarges |
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24. What two things do maxilla growth mechanisms rely upon?
In what direction relative to the cranium and cranial base must the maxilla move through in growth? What are the sutures of the maxilla ideally positioned for? What occurs at the sutures? |
1. Sutures
2. Surface remodeling Downward and forward Ideally situated to allow the maxilla's downward and forward repositioning Apposition of new bone |
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25. As the maxilla moves downward and forward what happens to the frontal surfaces?
What is an exception? |
Front surfaces are remodeled and bone is removed from most of the anterior surface
Anterior nasal spine |
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26. In what direction does remodeling of the palatal vault move it in?
Where is bone removed from? Where is bone added to? What else happens to the vault as it moves downward? |
Moved in same direction as it is being translated
Removed from floor of nose Added to roof of mouth Same process of bone remodeling widens it |
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27. What is the overall pattern of maxillary growth?
Four things... |
1. Moves downward & forward by translation
2. New bone is added at the sutures and to the surface at the tuberosity 3. Surface contours are changed by apposition and resorption 4. Roof of the mouth and floor of the nose are remodeled downward |
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28. As the entire maxilla becomes displaced in an anterior direction where are new bone deposits added on the maxillary tuberosity?
What does this growth increase do? (two things) What does the posterior face of the tuberosity represent? |
Periosteal surfaces
1. Increase the anterior-posterior dimension of the maxilla 2. Lengthens the dental arch One of the most rapidly growing areas in the maxilla |
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29. What is the "key ridge"?
How is the external surface of the maxilla anterior to the key ridge? How is the periosteal surface on anterior part of the zygomatic process? How is it's endosteal surface? How is the posterior side of the malar protuberance? How is the anterior surface of the malar protuberance? |
Vertical crest just below the malar protuberance
Resorptive Resorptive Depository Depository Resorptive |
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30. Where does the maxillary arch show marked elongation?
What accompanies this How does the V-shaped maxilla change? (two ways) |
Distal ends
Deposition of bone along the inner (lingual) side of the arch **resorption occurs from the labial and buccal surfaces 1. Increase in overall dimensions 2. Lengthened in posterior direction toward its own wide end |
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31. Is there bone deposition or resorption on the lingual side of the palatal arch?
What type of growth is seen in the palatine process of the maxilla? |
Periosteal type of bone deposition
Downward growth of the palate in conjunction w/ the downward movement of the maxilla around it |
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32. What type of bone initially occupies the maxillary sinus?
How are most internal areas in the enlarging sinus? How are most lining surfaces of the sinus? What is the exception? |
Cancellous trabeculae
Resorptive Resorptive Those adjacent to the nasal cavity |
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33. What are the changes involved in the growth of the maxillary complex?
Five things... |
1. Sutural growth
2. Downward shift of hard palate 3. Eruption of teeth and apposition of bone at the alveolar processes 4. Apposition and resorption of bone surfaces in remodeling processes 5. Enlargement of.. -orbital cavities -nasal cavity -sinuses |
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34. What does bone additions at sutures bilaterally result in?
What does transverse growth at the median palatine suture correlate with? Where does anteroposterior growth occur? (two places) |
Moves the complex downward and forward
Widening of the downward shifting maxillary complex 1. Transverse palatine suture 2. Posterior margin of palatine bone |
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35. What does the downward shift of the hard palate do to the nasal cavity?
What causes this downward shift? (three things) |
Increases size of it
1. Resorption on its nasal surface 2. Apposition on its oral surface 3. Growth of cartilaginous nasal septum |
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36. How does eruption of teeth and apposition of bone at the alveolar process affect the maxillary body?
Where does apposition and resorption of bones surfaces in remodeling processes occur? (five places) |
Increase height and width
1. Maxillary tuberosity 2. Zygomatic process 3. Palatine process 4. Premaxilla 5. Maxillary arch |
