Ortho 1

Front 1

Lab exercises?

Back 1

mixed dentition case analysis, removable posterior bite plate, removable hawley retainer, fixed appliances and molar uprighting spring, fixed lingual retainer, fixed lingual retainer, essix-type retainer

Front 2

definition of orthodontics & dentofacial orthopedics?

Back 2

the dental specialty which includes the diagnosis, prevention, interception, guidance and correction of malrelationships of the developing or mature orofacial structures.

Front 3

dentition & development?

Back 3

primary dentition, early mixed dentition, late mixed dentition, permanent dentition.

Front 4

primary dentition?

we want?

Back 4

20 primary teeth, deciduous dentition erupts between 6 months and 2.5 years, incisors are the first to be shed around age 7.

we want? normal eruption sequence, anterior spaces, 20 teeth, healthy.

Front 5

Deciduous dentition-eruption?

Back 5

Front 6

Back 6

removable posterior bite plate

Front 7

Back 7

removable hawley retainer

Front 8

Back 8

fixed appliances and molar uprighting spring

Front 9

Back 9

fixed lingual retainer

Front 10

Back 10

Essix-type retainer

Front 11

Early mixed dentition?

Back 11

chronological age: 6-9yo, permanent incisors and first molar present, deciduous canines and molars remain.

Front 12

Late mixed dentition?

Back 12

chronological age: 10-13yo, deciduous canines and molars are being replaced by permanent teeth

Front 13

Lee way space?

Back 13

definition: the difference in size between the primary canine and molars and their permanent successors (premolars).

maxillary e space: 1.5mm per side

mandibular e space: 2mm per side

leeway space =C+D+E-(3+4+5)

E space= E-5

Front 14

Permanent dentition?

Back 14

chronological age: after ~13 years of age

permanent teeth have replaced all primary teeth.

third molars erupt at age 17-35 years.

Front 15

permanent dentition eruption?

Back 15

Front 16

Eruption phenomenon-concerted action of 4 events?

Back 16

a) elongation of the permanent tooth root

b) resorption of the primary tooth

c) increase in alveolar height

d) movement of the permanent tooth in the correct path through bone

Front 17

what is the responsibility of a GP?

Back 17

recognize malocclusion/eruption probs/parafunctional habits.

prevent development of probs.

intervene or refere to tx prob.

Front 18

ortho tx is 4 things?

Back 18

1) preventative-prevent development of malocclusion

2) interceptive-to intercept a developing prob

3) comprehensive- to tx malocclusion with fixed appliances, may include functional appliances.

4) limited- ortho tx with a limited objective, not involving the entire dentition.

Front 19

1) preventative ortho- examples?

Back 19

-space maintenance after early primary tooth loss

-extraction of retained primary teeth to prevent impaction/ ectopic eruption.

-dental restorations (interproximal caries).

Front 20

2) interceptive ortho?

Back 20

-habit discontinuation

-recovery of space loss

-correction of dental crossbite

Front 21

3) comprehensive ortho?

Back 21

the coordinated dx and tx leading to the improvement of a pt's craniofacial dysfxn and/or dentofacial deformity including anatomical, functional and esthetic relationships.

-fully banded and bonded tx

Front 22

4) limited ortho- example?

Back 22

simple crossbite tx

Front 23

What is malocclusion? results from?

Back 23

definition: a deviation from the functionally and anatomically correct occlusion

or

a deviation in intramaxillary and/or intermaxillary relations of teeth from normal occlusion.

results from interplay of HEREDITY & ENVIRONMENT.

Front 24

symptoms of malocclusion?

Back 24

impaired oral fxn, poor facial aesthetics, dysfxn of the tmj articulation, susceptibility to dental caries, susceptibility to pdl dis, impaired speech due to malpositions of the teeth.

Front 25

etiologic factors for malocclusion classification system: Graber--2 types: general extrinsic factors & local intrinsic factors.

Back 25

Graber classification- general factors: heredity, congenital defects, environment, predisposing metabolic climate and disease, diet, abnormal pressure habits, posture, trauma.

local factors: congenital absence of teeth, anomalies of tooth size, anomalies of tooth shape, abnormal labial frenum, premature loss of deciduous teeth, supernumerary teeth.

Front 26

classification of malocclusion:

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inherited=genetic predetermined.

acquired= environmental, epigenetic (altering the activity of genes, not their structure).

Front 27

Heredity?

Back 27

for each individual there is a basic pattern or blue print for dentofacial development.

-racial and familial characteristics repeat.

-affected by heredity: tooth size, arch length and width, height of palatal vault, crowding/spacing, overbite/overjet, position and configuration of muscles, tongue size and shape, character of the oral mucosa.

Front 28

Environmental factors contributing to the development of malocclusion? prenatal:

Back 28

prenatal: trauma, maternal diet (deficiency diseases, beri beri, scurvy, ricketts), maternal alcohol&drugs, maternal metabolism and diseases ( Gachers dis, acute febrile dis (ex: measles, mumps, chicken pox), dis of muscle dysfxn (muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis), endocrine disorders (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid).... fetal posture (Pierre Robin Sequence).

Front 29

Environmental factos contributing to the development of malocclusion? postnatal:

craniofacial complex is?

Back 29

postnatal: birth injuries, TMJ injuries, accidents, fractures, avulsion/displacement of teeth, posture-unimportant-may contribute, seldome a primary cause

The craniofactial complex is continuously adapting to the environment within its genetic disposition.

Front 30

examples of congenital defects?

Back 30

clefts of the lip and palate, cerebral palsy, crouzons syndrome, cleido-cranial dysostosis, cranial synostosis.

Front 31

clefts of the lip and palate?

Back 31

through the area of the LI, often associated with supernumerary teeth or congenital absence, underdeveloped and constricted maxilla, anterior and posterior crossbites, hypernasality due to velopharyngeal insuff, 1/3 to 1/2 have previous fam hx, occurence 1/800.

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Back 32

unilateral cleft then bilateral cleft

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Back 33

caused by genetic mutation, AD, early fusion of cranial sutures, midface deficiency, beaked nose, exophthalmus, hypertelorism (wide set eyes), class 3 malocclusion, anterior crossbite

Front 34

Dental etiologic factors?

Back 34

anomalies of tooth size, anomalies of tooth shape, hypodontia, abnormal labial frenum, premature loss of deciduous teeth, hyperdontia, delayed eruption of permanent teeth, abnormal eruptive path (ectopy), ankylosis of deciduous teeth, proximal caries, improperly contoured restorations.

Front 35

anomalies of tooth size?

Back 35

Bolton ratio-compares size of mand to max teeth.

macrodontia/microdontia.

Front 36

anomalies of tooth shape?

Back 36

peg LI, mulberry molar and Hutchinson's incisor, fusion of roots, gemination-fusion of crowns, shovel shaped incisor

Front 37

Hypodontia (Tooth Agenesis)? indicates?

Back 37

def: congenital absence of a few teeth.

prevalence: 2-4%, often bilateral, may be associated with systemic disease (ectodermal dysplasia), etiology: polygenic multifactorial model, can be hereditary.

hypodontia in primary dentition indicates absence of the respective permanent teeth as the primary tooth buds give rise to the permanent tooth buds.

permanent teeth more frequently affected.

generally the missing tooth is the most distal tooth of any given type: 3rd m 20%, 2nd PM 3.4%, mx LI 2.2%.

Front 38

hypodontia: problems associated with?

-retained primary teeth?

-absent LI often linked to?

Back 38

problems associated with tooth agenesis.

retained primary teeth-> ankylosis.

absent LI are often linked to: small LI and impacted canine on contralateral side.

Front 39

Abnormal labial frenum?

Back 39

thick fibrous and low attachment, may extend to the lingual papilla, may cause midline spacing (diastema), space may close as permanent cuspids erupt, may require surgery (frenectomy).

Front 40

Premature loss of deciduous teeth: causes, results, intervention?

Back 40

-causes= decay, pd dis, trauma.

-results=movement of teeth and loss of arch length, blocked out permanent teeth, tipping of neighboring teeth, extrusion of opposing teeth.

-intervention= missing primary second molar?=place space maintainer. missing primary first molar?=observe. if in doubt, place space maintainer.

Front 41

where is the best space maintainer for an unerupted permanent tooth?

Back 41

the overlying primary tooth.

Front 42

Hyperdontia?

Back 42

supernumary teeth, full-size teeth or amorphous composites of enamel and dentin. prevalence 1%.

order of freqency: mx LI, mesiodens, PM, molars, lower incisor.

may be impacted.

can cause diastema, crowding, prevent eruption of other teeth.

Front 43

causes of delayed eruption of permanent teeth?

Back 43

meds, systemic dis, overall delayed development/puberty, sclerotic bone, ankylosed deciduous tooth, lack of space (due to early loss of deciduous tooth), supernumerary teeth, primary failure of eruption..

Front 44

eruption is expected to proceed as long as?

when does eruptive force cease?

Back 44

as long as the roots have not fully formed.

eruptive force ceases as root formation is completed.

eruptive forces ceases as root formation is completed.

Front 45

ectopic eruption?

Back 45

tooth develops or erupts in an abnormal position.

ex: mx M1 erupting too far mesially.

md PM2 erupting too far distally.

mx can erupting buccally or transposed.

causes: trauma, retained primary tooth, supernumary tooth, abnormal position in crypt

teeth erupt in the path of least resistance.

Front 46

Ankylosed primary teeth?

Back 46

ankylosis=calcification of the PDL resulting in abnormal fixation of a tooth.

primary tooth ankylosis results in infraocclusion and eruption delays.

primary molars

Front 47

what can caries and improperly contoured restorations cause?

Back 47

-can cause loss arch length=space loss.

-teeth must be restored to full dimension to preserve space for erupting permanent teeth.

Front 48

Habits: definition?

Back 48

definition: a frequently repeated negative activity that may alter the normal development of the teeth or bones.

thumb or finger sucking. foreign objects. tongue thrusting. lip or cheek biting. mentalis muscle strain.

Front 49

Thumb sucking: tx?

Back 49

expansion & habit control.

Front 50

tongue crib/rake?

Back 50

habit appliance.

fixed to upper or lower molarbands.

Front 51

bluegrass appliance?

Back 51

habit appliance. fixed.