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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When are animals domesticated and where? |
9,000 - 7,000 BC Fertile Crescent Cattle, sheep, pigs and goats |
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Why were those animals domesticated there? |
Simple herd structure Select docile members All of the wild species are present and available in the Near East |
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What plants are domesticated where? |
Wheat, barely, chickpeas - Fertile Crescent 9,000BC Rice, millet, soy - Yangzi and Yellow basins 9,000 - 7,000BC Maize, potatoes, squash - Central Mexico and South America 3,000 - 2,000BC |
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Why these plants? |
Easy to gather and nutricious One simple alteration leads to domestication Easy to store for the winter Easy to process |
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What archaeological evidence can be found from the Late Natufian period? |
11,000 - 10,000 BC Relatively large sedentary culture Evidence of stones used to crush cereals and sickle blades Debate over accidental or on purpose Younger Dryas could have turned them to agriculture |
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What archaeological evidence can be found from the Pre-pottery Neolithic A period? |
9,500 - 8,000 BC Small hamlets Cultivated grains and cereals Granaries allowed year round occupation Sites such as Jerico retained hunting |
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What archaeological evidence can be found from the Pre- pottery Neolithic B period? |
7,100 - 6,800 BC Large hamlets of 2,000 people First appearance of central shrines Large amounts of trade Began to depend more heavily on domesticated animals to substitute agriculture |
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What is one example of a Pre- pottery Neolithic B settlement in Anatolia? |
Çatalhöyük 7,500 - 5,500 BC Dense housing, entrance through roof, centralised rubbish disposal, decorated rooms, dead in walls Largest neolithic settlement found to date |
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What is one example of a Pre- pottery Neolithic B settlement in Turkey? |
Göbekli Tepe 9,100 - 8,600 BC Suggested where modern wheat originates from |
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Name four reasons why agriculture started |
Oasis Theory Hilly Flanks Density Equilibrium Theory Feasting |
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What is the Oasis Theory? Who was it proposed by and when? |
Raphael Pumpelly in 1908 Climate getting drier forced people, animals and plants together, observed what happened Climate reconstruction shows getting wetter |
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What is the Hilly Flanks theory? Who was it proposed by and when? |
Originated in the Hilly Flanks in Western Asia Rob Braidwood 1960 Looked at charred plant remains Only happened when people were capable of understanding it |
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What is the Density Equilibrium theory? Who was it proposed by and when? |
Lewis Binford 1969 Climate change and demographic pressures caused groups to migrate Foragers had to diversify the types of food gathered |
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What is the Feasting theory? Who was it proposed by and when? |
Barbara Bender 1975 Need for feasting, social control and status drove the need for other food sources
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What are LBK settlement patterns, when were they around and how did they cultivate? |
5,500 - 4,500 BC Small groups of 10-15 longhouses Small agricultural field that Boggart said was intensively gardened and manured 90% plant remains are burnt, 90% animal remains cattle or pig Live exclusively of domesticated species |
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What were the Ertebolle cultures, when were they around and how did they cultivate? |
N. Germany, Demark, and The Netherlands 6,000 - 3,500 BC Hunter-gatherers living on coastal rivers and marshes No cereals Skilled fishers Clear social and ritual life First Britains buried with goods |
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When was Neolithic Britain cultivated and where? |
4,000 - 2,000 BC Uptake is sketchy Most remains are not cereal Collection of wild food continues Regional variation Not possible to determine relative importance of cultivated and wild food |
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What was the Neolithic Revolution? |
Wide-scale transition of many cultures hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement Allowed support of increasingly large population Economic and social transformation Climate change (environmental determinism) Multi-lineal cultural evolution |
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What is the Colinization model? |
Farms move in hostile manner Intrinsic population growth comes with farming. When capacity is reached new land is needed or you have to move |
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What is the Acculturation or Indigenous adoption model? |
Surplus of crops acts as cushion or payment for trade Essential for development Easier to harvest if plants are in one place and can control animals At risk of crop failures and animal disease Tied to land Dependent on group work and co-operation |
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Where does agriculture arrive in Europe and when? |
Greece 7,000 BC Small farming villages of 300 - 400 Migrants brought village-based farming culture with them |
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What are longhouses and where can they be seen? |
A type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building LBK culture c. 5,600 - 4,800 BC |
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Why are there no longhouses in maritime Northwest Europe? |
Environmental/practical constraints Internal/external social constraints |
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What is a complex hunter-gatherer society? |
Affluent forager who have subsistence, economic and social organization |
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What was the complex Maritime North-West Europe society like and when did it occur? |
5,500 - 4,500 BC Numerous, densely settled, semi-sedentary coastal hunter-gatherer fisher populations Well established and successful social and economic systems Resistance to and selective adoption of new technologies Large amount of food storage Large households and villages |
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When was the Middle Jōmon period and did they farm? |
3,000 - 1,000 BC Degree to which horticulture or small-scale agriculture was practised is debated Eviarboriculturedence suggests that was practiced in the form of tending groves of nut- and lacquer-producing trees |
