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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does gas exchange occur
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in the alveoli
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which way does O2 and CO2 diffuse
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O2 diffuses into the blood
CO2 diffuses into the alveoli |
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what is the upper respiratory tract
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larynx/pharynx/mouth and nose
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what do cilia do in the respiratory system
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cilia moves mucus up the respiratory system away from the alveoli/lungs and the purpose of the mucus is to prevent bacteria from reaching the lung
if bacteria do reach the lungs macrophages are present in the alveoli to get rid of them |
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what does smoking do
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it causes the cilia to stop moving therefore they have an accumulation of mucous and will cough constantly
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what is the respiration cycle
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inspiration + expiration
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what is the conduction zone
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trachea
bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles this area contains no alveoli and its main purpose is to conduct air to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs it also moistens the air and warms it to body temp by the time it reaches alveoli also known as the anatomical dead space |
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what does the bronchioles do
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they are responsible for resistance
if bronchioles constrict less air reaches site of gas exchange THIS CONSTRICTION IS WHY PEOPLE W/ ASTHMA HAVE TROUBLE BREATHING |
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what areas contain alveoli
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respiratory bronchioles
alveoli ducts alveoli sacs THIS IS THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE |
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what is the alveoli
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tiny hollow sacs
made of epithelial cells two types: TYPE 1 - MOST COMMON (RESPONSIBLE FOR GAS EXCHANGE) TYPE 2 - LEAST COMMON |
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where are the lungs
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in the chest/thorax
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where are intercoastal muscles
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in between the ribs
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what is an air tight cavity
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thorax
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what is the thorax seperated by
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abdomen and diaphragm
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what occurs in resting inspiration
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during resting you aren't thinking about breathing and the main muscle involved is the DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS DURING INSPIRATION AND WILL ELONGATE THE CHEST VERTICALLY |
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what occurs in active inspiration
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THIS OCCURS DURING EXERCISE/CONSCIOUSLY RESPIRING
diaphragm is involved but also the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES when you breathe in the lung will expand horizontally |
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what is the most important muscle for inspiration
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diaphragm
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what scenario would lead to nonfunctional diaphragm
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if the nerves that supply the diaphragm are effected as in POLIO
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what occurs in resting expiration
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PASSIVE PROCESS DONE BY THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNG
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what occurs in active respiration
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FORCEFULLY EXHALING
abdominals push the diaphragm up making the chest smaller vertically internarl intercoastal muscles shrink horizontally |
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what is in between the chest/thoracic wall and the lungs
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intrapleural fluid
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what causes the thoracic wall and the lungs to move in and move out
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interpleural pressure
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what is the Patm and Palv in order for inspiration to occur
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Patm > Palv
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what is the Patm and Palv in order for expiration to occur
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Patm < Palv
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when we breathe in what happens to the chest, volume in the lungs, and pressure in the lungs
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chest expands
volume increases pressure decreases |
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when we breathe out what happens to the chest, volume in the lungs, and pressure in the lungs
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chest contracts
volume decreases pressure increases |
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what expands the chest
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diaphragm and intercoastal muscles
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what is the pressure of the interpleural fluid
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negative because it is thinly spread out
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what does the negative pressure of the interpleural fluid do
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it insures the lung doesnt collapse
if Patm = 0 and Pip = 0 or 1 then you can't breatheb/c lungs will collapse |
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what does the lung volume depend on
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transpulmonary pressure
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what is transpulmonary pressure and what does it depend on
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Palv - Pip
it depends on the interpleural pressure THE MORE NEGATIVE THE Pip THE HIGHER THE TP AND LUNGS WILL EXPAND MORE |
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE LUNGS AS THE Pip gets more negative
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more suction will occur and the lungs will expand/stretch more
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what happens to Pip when the chest expands
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Pip becomes more negative causing the lungs to expand more as well
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what does lung volume depend on
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TP and how elastic/compliance of the lungs
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what is Pneumothorax
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this occurs if the intrapleural pressure is positive or atmospheric as a result THE LUNGS WILL COLLAPSE AND ALL THE AIR IN THE LUNGS GOES OUT
THIS OCCURS IF THE CHEST GETS PUNCTURED |
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if Tp = 10 what is Tp during expiration and inspiration
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Tp = 9 during expiration
Tp = 11 during inspiration |
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what does the expansion of the lungs upon a change in Tp depend on
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compliance of the lungs
if people have the same Tp their lungs won't necessary expand the same due to the difference in elasticity/whether they have stiff lungs or not |
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what is lung compliance determined by
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surface tension
the surface tension is due to the h2o lining the alveoli being attracted to each other and as a result shrinking the alveoli |
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what does surface tension do to the lungs
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decreases compliance
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what do type 2 alveolar cells do
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they secrete surfactants that reduce surface tension and prevent the alveoli from collapsing
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how do the lungs make surfactants
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they are made when you take a deep breath
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what happens when surfactants are present
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keeps alveoli dry
INCREASE COMPLIANCE INCREASE ALVEOLI STABILITY |
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what happens when surfactants are not present
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alveoli filled w/ fluid
decrease compliance of alveoli b/c high surface tension ATELETASIS - unstable alveoli will collapse and form a larger alveoli |
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what factors effect airway resistance
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physical factors - elasticity of lungs
NEUROENDOCRINE FACTORS |
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what are the neuroendocrine factors that effect the airway resistance
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Epinephrin - causes relaxation on bronchiols and decreases resistance
PSNS - causes constriction of bronchiols therefore increases resistance Leukotrines, Histamine (broncoconstriction) and inflammatory mediators that cause an increase in resistance |
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what is Asthma
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inflammation of the bronchiols making them narrow MAY HAVE TO A LOT OF LEUKOTRINES
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what are the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
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Bronchitis - excessive mucous therefore decrease in diameter and increase in resistance
Emphecema Edema |
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what are the lung volumes
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tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserver volume residual volume |
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what is tidal volume
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effortless breathing
500ml |
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what is inspiratory reserve volume
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forceful inspiration
3000ml |
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what is expiratory reserve volume
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forceful expiration
1100ml |
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what is residual volume
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amount of air in the lungs after forceful expiration
1200ml |
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what is the purpose of the residual volume
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it insures that the blood gets oxygenated regardless of what step you're in respiration
IT PREVENTS THE LUNG FROM COLAPSING AND INSURES THERE ARE NO FLUCTUATIONS IN GAS CONCENTRATION |
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what are the lung capacities
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INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY VITAL CAPACITY TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY |
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what is inspiratory capacity
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normal inspiration + forceful inspiration
TV + IRV 3500 |
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what is functional residual capacity
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after normal exhale w/e is left in lungs
ERV + RV 2300ml |
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what is vital capacity
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max you can inhale + max you can exhale
TV + IRV + ERV 4600ml |
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what is the total lung capacity
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how much chest/lungs can expand
Vital capacity (ERV + IV + IRV) + RV 5800ml |
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what is MINUTE VENTILATION
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tidal volume x respiratory rate
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why is minute ventilation not a good indicator of how much air gets into alveoli
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because it doesnt account for the air trapped in the dead space
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what is ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
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(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate
THIS IS A GOOD INDICATOR OF AMOUNT OF AIR THAT GETS TO THE ALVEOLI |
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WHAT WILL INCREASE ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
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increase in depth of breath
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what increases with exercise
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vital capacity
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