Organs Sem 2 Test 2 Regulation Of Respiration

Front 1

HOLW IS THE MAJORITY OF CO2 TRANSPORTED

Back 1

as bicarbonate

Front 2

how can CO2 be transported

Back 2

dissolved
bicarbonate
carbaminoglobin

Front 3

what occurs in order for CO2 to enter tissue

Back 3

CO2 is made via metabolism
CO2 dissolved into circulation
CO2 enters RBC
in RBC CO2 joins w/ H2O and in presence of carbonic anhydrase forms CARBONIC ACID
carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+
HCO3- leaves RBC into plasma and a Cl- enters (chloride shift)

Front 4

how does Hb prevent venous pH from being more acidic than arterial

Back 4

Hb binds the H+ ion forming deoxyhemoglobin

Front 5

what do chemoreceptors do

Back 5

monitor the CO2 and O2 concentrations and send input to the respiratory centers

Front 6

during hypoventilation what happens to the pCO2

Back 6

pCO2 increases

Front 7

what is the central controller (respiratory center) made of

Back 7

Brain stem(medulla/pons)
cortex

Front 8

what is the purpose of the cortex

Back 8

involved in voluntary breathing

Front 9

what is the purpose of the brain stem

Back 9

involuntary control of breathing (autonomis control)

Front 10

what over rides voluntary control of breathing

Back 10

chemoreceptors (brain stem)

Front 11

if there is an increase in pCO2 what do the chemoreceptors do

Back 11

the chemoreceptors think you arent breathing and send a signal to the respiratory centers which cause an increase in depth of inspiration

Front 12

what are the neurons in the central controller/respiratory center

Back 12

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respirtory group

Front 13

what does the dorsal respiratory group do

Back 13

it is responsible for inspiration
sends AP in form of RAMP

Front 14

what is the purpose of the inspiratory ramp

Back 14

makes sure the lungs expand gradually otherwise we would be gasping for air due to the sudden contraction of the lungs

Front 15

what does the ventral respiratory group do

Back 15

responsible for active expiration

not responsible for resting expiration b/c it is a passive process

Front 16

what would happen if you OD on narcotics/barbituats/general anesthetics/morphine/codine

Back 16

they depress the respiratory center/central controller and would lead to respiratory arrest

Front 17

where does expiration occur in the RAMP

Back 17

expiration occurs in the gaps between the inspiratory ramp

Front 18

what does the apneustic center do

Back 18

sends message to dorsal respiratory group prolonging the inspiratory ramp

-excites inspiratory ramp
-unknown role in humans

Front 19

what does the pneumotaxic center do

Back 19

if these neurons are excited there is an increase in the number of breathes but a decrease in depth of inspiration

SHORTENS INSPIRATORY RAMP

Front 20

what do central chemoreceptors detect

Back 20

they only detect the pCO2 and concentration of H+

Front 21

how do the central chemoreceptors work

Back 21

once there is an increase in the H+ concentration due to an increase in the amount of CO2 the central chemoreceptors sense the acidic environment and send a signal to the central controller/respiratory center to increase breathing

Front 22

how are central chemoreceptors excited

Back 22

they get excited when there is a high [H+]

Front 23

why are central chemoreceptors not sensitive to O2

Back 23

because there are already safety mechanisms that watch the [O2]

Front 24

what do the peripheral chemoreceptors do

Back 24

they are located in major arteries
sensitive to pO2

ONCE THE pO2 DROPS BELLOW 70mmHg the peripheral chemoreceptors kick in

sensitive to pCO2 and H+ concentration as well

Front 25

how does snoring occur

Back 25

vibrations of the relaxed tissues in upper respiratory tract therefore obstructive breathing

Front 26

what is obstructive sleep apnea

Back 26

the entire air passage has closed due to the tissue relaxing so much air can't get out

Front 27

what is apnea

Back 27

the absense of breathing

Front 28

what chemoreceptors kick in during obstructive sleep apnea

Back 28

the central chemoreceptors

during obstructive sleep apnea there is an increase in pCO2 which is sensed by central chemoreceptors that signal the respiratory center which causes the effector muscles to start breathing

Front 29

in obstructive sleep apnea is the respiratory center working

Back 29

yes

Front 30

what occurs in central sleep apnea

Back 30

something is wrong with the respiratory center and it may not be sending signals to the effector muscles

if this occurs while awake it can be over come with the cortex but while asleep this is very dangerous

Front 31

what are the different kinds of Hypoxia

Back 31

hypoxic
ischemic
anemic/CO
histotoxic

Front 32

what is Hypoxia

Back 32

deficiency in O2

Front 33

what is anemic or CO hypoxia

Back 33

the hypoxia is due to either abnormal Hb or having less RBC

Hb may be normal but due to CO poisoning O2 is not able to bind

Front 34

what occurs in Ischemic hypoxia

Back 34

this occurs in specefic regions of the body and the arterial pO2 decreases and therefore a drop in O2 content

can occur if there is a blood clot

Front 35

what is histotoxic hypoxia

Back 35

this occurs in cyanide poisoning because the pO2 and O2 content is normal the but the cells can't utilize the O2

Front 36

what occurs in Hypoxic hypoxia

Back 36

this is true hypoxia
reason for hypoxia is due to a decrease in pO2 and therefore less O2 content

occurs when you go to high altitudes

Front 37

what is hypercapnia

Back 37

increase CO2 content
not always associated w/ hypoxia