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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The thoracic esophagus pierces the diaphragm at what verterbral level?
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T10
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The esophagus turns left to enter the stomach at the cardiac orfice at what verterbral level?
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T11
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Why is the esophageal sphincter not a "true sphincter"?
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It does not close completely, and allows food to come back up (vomiting).
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At what verterbral leves do the IVC and Aorta enter the diaphragm?
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T8 and T12, respectively.
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What is a "sliding" hiatal hernia?
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when the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm enlarges or weakens allowing abdominal esophagus and parts of the stomach to herniate into thorax.
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What is a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?
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The defect in the diaphragm next to the esophageal hiatus that permits fundus of stomach to herniate.
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In what regions is the stomach located?
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Left Hypochondriac and epigastric regions.
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Where are the left and right ends of the stomach fixed to?
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T10-11 and L1-2, respectively.
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What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?
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Cardia, Fundus, Body, and Pylorus
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What are the longitudinal folds in the stomach called?
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Rugae
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What is the pyloric orfice?
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The entrance to the duodenum.
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What structures are located posterior to the stomach?
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diaphragm, spleen, left suprarenal gland, upper left kidney, pancreas, left colic flexure, left transverse colon, transverse mesocolon.
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What structure are located anterior to the stomach?
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The anterior abdominal wall, left costal margin, left diaphram, left and quadrate lobes of the liver.
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Where is the small intestine located?
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Between the stomach and large intestine.
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What are the 3 subdivisons of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, Jenjunum, and Ileum.
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At what verterbral bodies is the duodenum approx. loacted at?
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L1-L4
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Where does the duodenum begin and end?
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Begins at the pylorus of the stomach and ends at the duodenal-jejunal junction.
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What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
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Superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending.
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The duodenum is covered anteriorly by periotneum except where?
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the mesocolon of the transverse colon crosses the 2nd part.
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What ligament surrounds the 1st part of the duodenum?
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Hepatoduodenal ligament
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The root of mesentary begins at what flexure?
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The dudoeno-jejunal flexure.
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The first part of the duodenum starts where?
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The pyloric sphincter.
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What holds the 1st part in place?
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hepatoduodenal ligament.
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What vessels run poweter and superior to the 1st part?
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Portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct.
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Where is the head of the pancreas located in relationship to the 1st part of duodenum?
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inferiorly
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The fundus of the gallbladder, right lobe of the liver, and transverse colon are located in what direction in relationship to the 2nd part of duodenum?
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Anteriorly
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Which 2 structures are located posterior to the 2nd part?
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Ureter and right kidney.
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What single structure is located medially to the 2nd part?
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Head of pancreas
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What 2 structures enter the 2nd part of the duodeum at the major duodenal papilla?
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The bile and pancreatic ducts.
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What 2 structures cross the anterior surface of the 3rd part?
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Superior mesenteric artery and the root of the mesentery
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Where is the head of the pancreas located in relationship to the 3rd part?
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Superiorly
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Where is the jejunum in relationship to the 3rd part?
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Anterior and inferior.
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Where are the root of the mesentery and jejunum located in relationship to the 4th part?
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Anteriorly.
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What artery and muscle are located posterior to the 4th part?
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Aorta and psoas muscle.
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What ligament anchors the 4th part of the duodenum to the right crus of the diaphragm?
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Suspensory ligament
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What kind of vasculature does the jejunum contain?
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Simple vascular arcades, long vasa recta, and more vascular.
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Which part of the small intestine has a greater diameter, thicker, and more plicae circularis?
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Jejunum
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What kind of vasculature does the ileum contain?
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Compound vascular arcades, shorter vasa recta, and is less vascular.
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Which part of the small intestine has a smaller diameter, thinner wall, and fewer plicae circularis?
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Ileum
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What is Meckel's diverticulum?
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It is a remnant of the vitelline duct that is located at the antimesenteric boarder of the ileum, which can make it difficult to distinguish from appendicitis.
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What attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior body wall?
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THE mesentery
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What structures does the mesentery cross?
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3rd part of duodenum, aorta, IVC, right ureter, right gonadal vessels, right psoas major
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What is the mesentery comprised of?
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2 layers of peritoneum with nerves, lymph nodes and vessels, fat, arteries and vein running between them.
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What are the 8 regions of the large intestine?
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Cecum and vermiform appendix, ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
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What is the function of the large intestine?
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Transport and evacuation, water absorption, and secretion.
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What are taenia coli?
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3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the outside of the colon.
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What are haustrae?
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A product of the taenia coli that slows the movement of feces.
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What is Appendices epiploicae?
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Tags of fat that are characteristic of the large intestine.
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What part of the cecum is 2 folds that is not a true sphincter?
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Iliocolic valve
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What is ileal papilla?
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A cone-like projection of the ileum into the cecum.
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Where is the vermiform appendix located?
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The junction of 3 taenia coli.
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What part of the colon is before the right colic flexure and is secondarily retroperitoneal?
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Ascending colon
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What part of the colon is before the left colic flexure and is intraperitoneal?
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Transverse colon
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What part of the colon comes directly after the left colic flexure and is secondarily retroperitoneal?
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Descending colon
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What part of the colon comes directly before the rectum and is intraperitoneal?
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Sigmoid colon
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Where is the spleen located?
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Left hypochondriac region, parallels left ribs 9, 10, and 11, midaxillary line, between stomach and diaphragm.
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Where does the spleen develop?
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Develops in the dorsal mesentery from mesoderm.
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What structure lies posterior to the spleen?
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Diaphragm
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What structures lie anterior to the spleen?
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Stomach, left colic, flexure, and tail of pancreas.
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What structures are inferior to the spleen?
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Left kidney and phrenicocolic ligament
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What impressions can be seen on the spleen?
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colic, gastric and renal impressions
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Where is the pancreas located?
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2-arily retroperitoneal, located at L1-2
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What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?
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Head, Body, neck, and tail
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What is the hook like process in the head of the pancreas called?
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Uncinate process
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What part of the pancreas is located in the splenorenal ligament?
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Tail of the Pancreas
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What structures are posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
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Superior mesenteric artery and vein.
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What structures are posterior to the body of the pancreas?
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Inferior vena cava and aorta
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The transverse colon lies where in relationship to the pancreas?
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Anterior and inferior
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What 2 structures join together to enter the 2nd part of the duodenum?
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Main pancreatic duct and bile duct
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Where does the main pancreatic duct and bile duct enter together through thte duodenum?
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Through a common hepatopancreatic ampulla
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What is the major duodenal papilla
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The joining of the main pancreatic duct and bile duct to enter through the common hepatopancreatic ampulla.
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What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
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Left, Right, Caudate and Quadrate lobes
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What is the falciform ligament?
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A double layer of peritoneum that connects liver to the anterior wall.
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What defines the bare area on the liver?
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Defined by anterior, posterior, left and right coronary ligaments.
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What structures can be found on the visceral surface of the liver?
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Ligamentum venosum, ligamentum teres hepatis, hepatic fossa for gall bladder
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What structure transmits the portal triad consisting of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct?
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Porta hepatis
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What ligament was once the umbilical vein?
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Ligamentum teres hepatis
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Which ligametn use to connect the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava?
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Ligamentum venosum
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What is the fundus of the gall bladder and where is it located?
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The lowest, widest part that contacts anterior abdominal wall at the midclavicular line, 9th of 10th costal cartilage, usually on transpyloric line.
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What structures together form the common hepatic duct?
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Right and left hepatic ducts
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The cystic duct and common hepatic duct come together to form what structure?
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Common bile duct
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