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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hierarchy
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a series of ordered groupings within a system
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cell
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the basic structural and functional unit of the body
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unicellular
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consisting of only one cell
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multicellular
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consisting of many cells
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differentiation
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a process by which cells mature in order to carry out specific physiological tasks
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tissue
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an organized group of cells that have similar structures and perform similar functions
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organ
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a structure composed of more than one tissue that is specialized for a particular function
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organ system
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a collection of organs having related roles in the body's function
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organism
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an individual biological unit capable of reproduction
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society
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groups of organisms interacting with one another
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environme
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all of the environmental factors that affect the survival of an organism or society of organisms
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internal environment
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condition within a cell
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external environment
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conditions outside the cell
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solvent
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a substance that dissolves other chemicals
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solution
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a mixture of two or more substances
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solute
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any particle that dissolves in a solvent
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specific heat
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the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a specific substance
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minerals
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nutrients needed by the body
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metals
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any of several elements that conduct heat and electricity
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cation
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a positively charged ion
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anion
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a negatively charged ion
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catalyst
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chemicals that start chemical reactions
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hydrolysis
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the chemical breakdown with water
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synthesized
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to produce or build something
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reduced
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the process of a molecule gaining an electron or hydrogen atom to its structure
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endergonic
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chemical reaction that requires cell energy
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exergonic
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chemical reaction that releases cell energy
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potential energy
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the ability to do work
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kinetic energy
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the energy associated with movement
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chemical energy
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the conversion of a chemical into another form
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electrical energy
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the enrgy associated with the movement of electrons to produce a current
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mechanical energy
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the enrgy of motion or movement used to perform work
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thermal energy
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the production of heat
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calorie
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a standard unit of measurement equal to the amout of heat required to raise the temperature of water one degree Celsius
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kilo of calorie
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a standard unit of measurement - 1000 times larger than a calorie
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membrane
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a sheet-like structure that surrounds a cell or its organelles and keep its internal environment contained
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selectively permeable membrane
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a membrane allowing only certain molecules can pass through
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diffusion
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the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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passive transport
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diffusion across a membrane that requires no cell energy
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active transport
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diffusion across a membrane that requires cell energy
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osmosis
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diffusion of water across a membrane
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bulk mechanical transport
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the movement of large volumes of molecules from one location to another
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phagocytosis
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engulfing of large particles by a cell - "cell eating"
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pinocytosis
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engulfing of liquid by a cell - "cell drinking"
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filtration
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a passive transport in which particles are removed from water by passage through a porous membrane
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hypertonic
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refers to an environment with a greater quanity of a particualr molecule than exists in a cell
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hypotonic
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refers to an environment with a lesser quanity of a particular molecule than exists in the cell
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isotonic
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refers to an environment with an equal quanity of a particualr molecule in the solution and the cell
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osmolarity
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refers to a water's potential to move across a membrane
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hyperosmotic
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refers to a solution with a greater concentration of solute than exists in the cell
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isoosmotic
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refers to a solution with equal concentration of solute in the solution and cell
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hypoosmotic
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refers to a solution with a lower concentration of solute than exists in the cell
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active transport pumping
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the movement of particles across a membrane by protein pumps
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bulk active transport
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the movement of large amounts of particles across a membrane due to membrane movement
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endocytosis
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a form of bulk active transport - the process of moving particles into a cell
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exocytosis
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a form of bulk active trnasport - the process of moving particles out of a cell
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excretion
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the removal of waste from a cell using exocytosis
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secretion
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the transpport of molecules using exocytosis
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cell theory
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all organisms are coposed of cells
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Anton van Leewenhoek
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invented the microscope
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isoosmotic
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refers to a solution with equal concentration of solute in the solution and cell
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hypoosmotic
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refers to a solution with a lower concentration of solute than exists in the cell
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active transport pumping
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the movement of particles across a membrane by protein pumps
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bulk active transport
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the movement of large amounts of particles across a membrane due to membrane movement
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endocytosis
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a form of bulk active transport - the process of moving particles into a cell
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exocytosis
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a form of bulk active trnasport - the process of moving particles out of a cell
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excretion
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the removal of waste from a cell using exocytosis
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secretion
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the transpport of molecules using exocytosis
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cell theory
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all organisms are coposed of cells
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Anton van Leewenhoek
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invented the microscope
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genome
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the genetic material within the cell
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prokaryote
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a cell with its genome in the nucleoid and no compartments in the cytoplasm
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flagella
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an appendage on a cell that helps it move
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eukaryotes
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cells characterized with their DNA in the nucleus and compartments in the cytoplasm
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nucleus
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the control center of the cell
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organelle
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functional units within the cytoplasm
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cytosol
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a gel-like fluid component of the cytoplasm
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endoplasmic reticulum
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an organelle responsible for the production of protein and lipid components
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Golgi apparatus
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on organelle responsible for modifying, storing, and shipping certain products from the ER
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transport vessicles
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organelles responsible for transporting products within the cell
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RER - rough endoplasmic reticulum
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the part of the ER responsible for protein manufacture
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ribosomes
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a structure found on the ER responsible for the manufacture of proteins
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SER - smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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a region of the Er responsible for production of carbohydrates and lipids
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lysosome
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a cell organelle responsible for recycling cell components
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apoptosis
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the process by which a cell programs its own death
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mitochondria
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cell organelle responsible for producing energy
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cytoskeleton
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protein filaments that give a cell its shape
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centriole
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a cell organelle that helps with reproduction
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cilia
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hair-like organelles that move fluids over the cell
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metabolism
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all the chemical reactions in the body
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cell cycle
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the events a cell goes through to carry out daily functions
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trait
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a particular characteristic that distinguishes one person from another
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anabolism
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a metabolic reaction that uses cell energy and results in the production of cell components
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catabolism
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a metabolic reaction that breaks down molecules to provide the cell with energy and materials to perform anabolism
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cellular respiration
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the extraction of energy from the chemical breakdown of food molecules
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protein sysnthesis
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the process by which cells produce protein
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genetic code
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the specific order of DNA
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gene
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a functional unit of heredity
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chromosomes
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a threadlike collection of genes and othe DNA found in the nucleus
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mitosis
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asexual cell division
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meiosis
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sexual division
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haploid number of chromosomes
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23
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diploid number of chromosomes
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46
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interphase
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the time between one cell division and the next
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prophase
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the 1st phase of cell division
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metaphase
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the 2nd phase of cell division
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anaphase
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the 3rd phase of cell division
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telophase
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the 4th phase of cell division
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ectoderm
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the outer layer of embryological germ layer that produces the skin and brain
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mesoderm
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the middle layer of embryological germ layer that produces bone and muscle
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endoderm
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the inner embryological germ layer that forms the digestive system
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stem cells
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cells that retain their ability to undergo cell division
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epithelial tissue
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tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities
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connective tissue
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tissue thst forms the supporting framework of the body
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muscle tissue
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tissue that is capable of contraction
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nerve tissue
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tissue that is capable of sending and receiving messages
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squamous cells
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flat shaped epithelial cells
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cuboidal cells
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square shaped epithelial cells
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columnar cells
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tall thin epithelial cells
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simple
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one layer of epithelial cells
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squamous
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many layers of epithelial cells
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pseudostratefied cells
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epithelial cells that are actually one layer but may appear to be multilayered
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transitional cells
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epithelial cells that are capable of changing from columnar shaped to squamous shaped - they do this when they expand
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matrix
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intracellular material found in connective tissue
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collagen
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a connective tissue that provides strength
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elastin
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s connective tissue that provides flexibiity
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reticulum
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a connective tissue that provides support
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loose
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type of connective tissue that provides attachment, stabilization, structure, and support
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dense
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connective tissue that provides strength, storage, and flexibilty
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smooth muscle
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muscle found in the linings of blood vessels and organs
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cardiac muscle
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the muscle of the heart
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skeletal muscle
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muscle attached to the bones
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striations
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muscle fibers that are grouped as visible bands
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neurons
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nerve cells
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neuroglia
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nerve cells that assist neurons
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astrocyte
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a type of neuroglia that provide support for the nervous system
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ependymal cells
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type of neuroglia that secret fluids
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microglia
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type of neuroglia that maintains ion balance
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cardiovascular system
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contains heart and blood vessels
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digestive system
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system that breaks down and absorbs food
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integumentary system
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system that includes the skin
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lymphatic system
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includes lympha nd helps fight infection
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muscular system
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system that includes muscles
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nervous system
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system that regulates the flow of information
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reproductive system
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responsible fro producing new life
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respiratory system
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system that regulate gas exchange
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skeltal system
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provides support and movement
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urinary system
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regulate production and removal of wastes - urine
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