• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/51

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Why is the ball and socket joint at hip much more secure than the shoulder, contributing to increased stability but decreased mobility of lower limb when compared to upper limb?

B/c the acetabulum captures the head of femur to a greater degree than does the glenoid cavity related to the head of the humerus

Capsule of hip joint further contributes to stability by limiting __ and __, but does little to inhibit __

extension and abduction


flexion

Modified __ joint at knee, coupled w/ ___ at the hip, allows for actions important in climbing and running

hinge


flexion

__ of leg does little to add stability or strength; it mainly provides muscle attachment site and assists in forming mortise for __ joint

Fibula


ankle

Ankle provides __ joint needed to jump and run, coupled w/ muscles strong enough to do what?

hinge


elevate the entire body mass

What allows for spring needed for cushioned landing and for negotiating uneven surfaces?

Multiple jointed feet

What are the two layers of the superficial fascia (tela subcutanea)?

Fatty layer and membranous layer

Note: ___ lymph nodes, ___ blood vessels, and __ can be found in the superficial fascia between fatty layer and membranous layer

Superficial inguinal


Subcutaneous


Nerves

Deep fascia:


1. attaches above to most of the inferior aspect of __ and is attached below to bony prominences at the __ and ___


2. possesses continuities in the thigh known as__


3. continuities in the gluteal area known as __


4. continuities in the leg known as ___


5. continuities in the foot known as ___

1. bony pelvis; knee and ankle


2. fascia lata


3. gluteal aponeurosis


4. crural fascia


5. plantar and dorsal fascia of the foot

Fascia lata:


1. most __ part of deep fascia


2. surrounds the __ and a portion of __ region

1. superior


2. thigh; gluteal

Gluteal aponeurosis:


1. thickened portion of ___


2. extends inferiorly from the posterior portion of __


3. forms an incomplete intermuscular septum btwn __ and ___ muscles

1. fascia lata


2. iliac crest


3. gluteus maximus and medius

Intermuscular septa (lateral and medial):


1. inward projections of ___


2. extend to the __ and delineates muscular compartments

1. fascia lata


2. femur

Iliotibial tract:


1. lateral thickening of ___


2. serves as a tendon for the ___ and ___ muscles


3. attaches inferiorly to ___, ___, and blends w/ capsule of ___

1. fascia lata


2. tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus


3. tibia, head of fibula; knee joint

Saphenous vein opening:


1. circular opening in the ___ portion of fascia lata below ___ ligament


2. presents a __ margin, is underlain w/ ___


3. transmits the__ vein

1. superior anteromedial; inguinal ligament


2. falciform (sickle shaped); fascia cribrosa


3. great saphenous vein

Crural fascia: extension of fascia lata below ___

knee

Intermuscular septa of crural fascia:


1. anterior and posterior sections, attach as inward extensions of crural fascia to___


2. anterior and posterior sections, delineates ___ and __ compartments


3. transverse section, attaches btwn __ and __ posteriorly


4. transverse section delineates __ and__ compartments

1. fibula


2. anterior and lateral crural


3. tibia and fibula


4. superficial and deep posterior

Retinacula of crural fascia:


1. thickening of crural fascia at ___


2. prevents tendons from ___


3. anterior part?


4. lateral part?


5. posteromedial part?

1. ankle


2. bowstringing


3. superior and inferior extensor retinacula


4. superior and inferior fibular retinacula


5. flexor retinaculum

Fascia of the dorsum of the foot is continuous with the ___

extensor retinacula

Plantar fascia:


1. continuation of the fascia of the dorsum of the foot onto the __


2. posesses a thickened central compartment, called __

1. sole of foot


2. plantar aponeurosis

Anterior femoral compartment:


1. the majority of muscles located in this compartment do what?


2. branches of the __ and nerve distribute w/in this compartment

1. flex the thigh and/or extend the leg


2. femoral artery

Femoral triangle:


1. transitional space btwn____ region and ___


2. bounded by __ ligament, ___ and ___ muscles, and covered by fascia lata


3. contains __ vein, artery, nerve, and deep __ lymph nodes

1. abdominopelvic; lower limb


2. inguinal ligament, sartorius and adductor longus muscles


3. femoral; inguinal

Medial femoral compartment:


1. muscles w/in this compartment do what?


2. branches of __ artery and nerve distribute w/in this compartment

1. flex, adduct, and rotate thigh


2. obturator

Adductor canal (Subsartorial, Hunter's):


1. canal connecting __ with __


2. bounded by the adductor musculature, ___ and ___


3. contains the __ artery and vein, __ nerve, and nerve to __

1. femoral triangle w/ popliteal fossa


2. vastus medialis and sartorius muscle


3. femoral; saphenous; vastus medialis

Gluteal compartment:


1. superficial compartment contains muscles which mimic the __ muscle of upper limb


2. superficial compartment muscles do what actions?


3. deep compartment contains muscles that do what?


4. branches of superior and inferior ___ aa. and nn. distribute to this compartment


5. the __ nerve passes btwn these compartments to gain posterior thigh

1. deltoid


2. abducts, flexes and medially rotates, extends and laterally rotates the thigh


3. abduct and laterally rotate thigh


4. gluteal


5. sciatic

Posterior femoral compartment:


1. muscles in this compartment do what?


2. branches of __ artery and vein distribute to this compartment


3. the __ nerve traverses the entire length of this compartment and provides innervation to all of its musculature

1. flex leg and extend thigh


2. deep femoral


3. sciatic

Popliteal fossa:


1. area posterior to __


2. transitional zone and pathway for structures passing from __ into__


3. bounded by __, ___, ___, and ___ muscles & covered by fascia lata


4. contains __ artery and its branches, the ___ vein and its tributaries, and the bifurcation of _ nerve into its common fibular and tibial branches

1. knee


2. thigh into leg


3. semimembranous, semitendinous, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius


4. popliteal; popliteal; sciatic

Posterior crural compartment:


1. superficial compartment contains which 3 muscles?


2. what actions does superficial compartment do?


3. deep compartment contains muscles that do what?


4. __ nerve and __ artery distribute to this compartment

1. gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris


2. flex leg and plantar flex foot


3. plantar flex and invert foot


4. tibial; posterior tibial

Lateral crural compartment:


1. contains muscles which ___ and___ the foot


2. branches of __ nerve and ___ artery distribute to this compartment

1. plantar flex and evert


2. superficial fibular n. and fibular a.

Anterior crural compartment & dorsum of foot:


1. contains muscles which _ and _ the foot


2. contains muscles which __ toes and assist in __ of foot


3. which nerve distributes here?


4. which artery distributes here?

1. dorsi flex and invert


2. extend; eversion


3. deep fibular n.


4. anterior tibial a.

Plantar foot:


1. subdivided into what 4 compartments?


2. the ___ artery bifurcates to form the lateral and medial plantar aa. which distribute to these compartments


3. __ nerve bifurcates to form lateral and medial plantar nn. which share innervation of these compartments

1. medial (great toe-hallux), lateral (small toe-digiti minimi), central, and interosseous


2. posterior tibial a.


3. tibial n.

Femoral artery:


1. lower limb provided w/ one major artery, femoral, which exits the abdominopelvic cavity deep to __ to enter ___


2. provides major branches to __joint, and ___ and __ while in the triangle


3. enters the ___ to gain the posterior surface of lower limb (popliteal fossa)

1. inguinal ligament; femoral triangle


2. hip; anterior and posterior thigh


3. adductor canal

Femoral artery:


1. becomes ___ artery upon escaping adductor canal, then provides collateral branches to __ joint


2. upon exiting popliteal fossa, bifurcates to form __ and __ arteries


3. major anastomoses are located in what 4 spots?

1. popliteal; knee


2. anterior and posterior tibial arteries


3. hip, knee, ankle, and foot

Deep veins:


1. how are they named?


2. distally in the leg, veins are usually ___, located ___ and ___ to the artery with which they travel

1. for the arteries with which they travel


2. doubled; lateral and medial

What are the two superficial veins?

Great saphenous vein and lesser saphenous vein

Great saphenous vein:


1. begins on what side of dorsum of foot (dorsal venous arch)?


2. ascends medially along leg and thigh, anterior to the ___ at the ankle, posterior to the __ at the knee


3. in the leg, parallels the course of the __


4. receives superficial drainage from __ and _ prior to joining the femoral vein


5. empties into __ after passing through the saphenous vein opening of the fascia lata

1. medial side


2. medial malleolus; medial condyle of femur


3. saphenous nerve


4. upper thigh and lower abdomen


5. femoral vein

Lesser saphenous vein:


1. begins on what side of dorsum of foot (dorsal venous arch)?


2. ascends behind _ and along midline of calf paralleling course of ___


3. pierces __ to join popliteal vein

1. lateral side


2. lateral malleolus; sural nerve


3. crural fascia

Note:


1. the superficial veins contain valves and due to increased back flow (____) and subsequent valvular incompetency, can form ___


2. also, when normal, these veins are used in___

1. venous congestion; varicosities (tortuous, incompetent veins)


2. coronary by-pass surgery

What 4 types of lymph nodes are in lower limb?

1. popliteal


2. superficial inguinal


3. deep inguinal


4. iliac nodes

Popliteal lymph nodes are located w/in __

Popliteal fossa

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes:


1. located just inferior to __, w/in___ layer


2. assume the shape of a "T", the horizontal part located parallel and inferior to __


3. the vertical part of the "T" is located over ___ opening

1. inguinal ligament; superficial fascial


2. inguinal ligament


3. saphenous vein

Lymphatic drainage:


1. superficial drainage is accomplished by lymphatic channels which parallel the course of __


2. superficial inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from ____areas of entire lower limb, ___ nodes, ___ region, and ___

1. superficial veins


2. superficial (subQ); deep inguinal nodes, gluteal region, and perineum

Lymphatic drainage:


1. deep drainage is accomplished by lymphatic channels which parallel the course of ____


2. deep inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from __, ___, and ___ of the entire lower limb

1. deep vessesl


2. muscles, tendons, and joint capsules

3 main nerves of lower limb?

Femoral n.


Obturator n.


Sciatic n.

Motor innervation is composed of spinal cord segments ___ via femoral and obturator nn. and ___ from the sacral plexus via sciatic n. and its branches

L2-4


L4-S3

Femoral nerve:


1. what segments?


2. enters femoral triangle deep to___


3. provides __ and __ branches while in triangle


4. innervates ____ musculature and skin of ___, ___, and ___

1. L2,3,4


2. inguinal ligament


3. motor and sensory


4. anterior femoral; anterior thigh, medial leg, and medial foot

Obturator nerve:


1. what segments?


2. enters thigh via___


3. provides motor innervation to __ muscles of the thigh


4. provides cutaneous innervation to ____

1. L2,3,4


2. obturator canal


3. adductor


4. medial surface of thigh

Sciatic nerve:


1. what segments?


2. exits pelvis via___


3. courses through the posterior thigh to bifurcate in the popliteal fossa into__ and___ nn.


4. innervates all of ___, ___, and ___ musculature

1. L4,5, S1,2,3


2. greater sciatic foramen


3. tibial and common fibular


4. posterior thigh, leg, and plantar

Sensory innervation:


1. cutaneous innervation of lower limb is accomplished by branches of the __ and __ plexuses, (ventral rami of spinal nerves____)


2. cutaneous innervation is also accomplished by dorsal rami of spinal nerves__ and ___

1. lumbar and sacral; L1-S2


2. L1-3 and S1-3

Dermatomes:


1. involve which spinal cord levels?


2. spiral around limb from __ to __ in "barber pole" fashion


3. the L4 dermatome is located anterior to ___, overlays the ___, ___ , and __


4. S1,2 descend middle of ___

1. L1-S2


2. lateral to medial


3. greater trochanter; patella, medial malleolus, and great toe


4. posterior thigh and leg

Dermatomes cont:


1. S1 overlays ___


2. S2 is located on the ___ surface of heel


3. L4,5 and S1 cross the ___ and ___ surface of foot from ___ to ___

1. lateral malleolus


2. medial plantar


3. dorsum and plantar; medial to lateral