Organismal And Ecological Biology Chapter 50

Front 1

What is Asexual reproduction

Back 1

when a single parent gives rise to offspring that are genetically identical

Front 2

Sexual reproduction involve the production and fusion of what

Back 2

Gametes (sperm and eggs)

Front 3

When sperm and egg unite they form what?

Back 3

Zygote

Front 4

What are the 4 types of Asexual reproduction that we talk about?

Back 4

1. Budding

2. Fission

3. Fragmentation

4. Parthenogenesis

Front 5

What is budding?

Back 5

a small part of hte parents body grows out and develops into a new individual

Front 6

What is an organism that shows budding?

Back 6

Hydra

Front 7

What is fission?

Back 7

one organism splits into two organisms

Front 8

What is frgmentation?

Back 8

organisms get broken into pieces which develop into whole organisms

Front 9

what is an organism that shows fragmentation

Back 9

starfish

Front 10

What is parthenogensis?

Back 10

an unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal

Front 11

What organism shows fission?

Back 11

amoeba

Front 12

What is an organism that shows parthenogenesis?

Back 12

bees and wasps, fishes, reptiles, amphibians

Front 13

What are the 3 types of sexual reproduction that we need to know?

Back 13

External fertilization

Internal fertilization

Hermaphroditism

Front 14

What is external fertilization

Back 14

Gametes meet outside the body.

Front 15

What is an organism that shows external fertilization?

Back 15

aquatic animals like frogs

Front 16

What is internal fertilization?

Back 16

the male delivers sperm directly into the body of the female

Front 17

What organism show internal fertilization

Back 17

most mammals (i.e. lions, ducks, humans, etc.)

Front 18

What is hermaphroditism?

Back 18

a single individual produces both egg and sperm

Front 19

What organism shows hermaphroditism ?

Back 19

Worm

Front 20

What are pros and cons of reproduction?

Back 20

Pros: Genetic variability and good for a changing environment

Cons: not energy efficient

not good for stable enviornments

Front 21

What do the testes do?

Back 21

Tissues responsible for hormone and sperm production

Front 22

What does the penis do?

Back 22

houses urethra for urination and ejaculation of sperm

Front 23

Where does sperm production take place? Where is it stored?

Back 23

1. seminiferous tubules

2. epidiymis

Front 24

Why is the scrotum so important?

Back 24

spermatogenesis can't take place at body temperature

Front 25

What are the steps in spermatogenesis?

Back 25

1. spermatogenoia divide by mitosis

2. primary spermatocytes begin meiosis, divide once

3. secondary spermatocytes continue meiosis, divide again

4. Spermatids mature into sperm (spermiogenesis)

Front 26

What do interstitial cells do in the seminiferous tubules?

Back 26

secrete testosterone

Front 27

What do sertoli cells do?

Back 27

produce signaling molecules and a fluid that nourishes sperm cells

Front 28

What are the two things that the head of a sperm contain?

Back 28

pronuclues and acrosomes

acrosome contains enzymes that help penetrate the egg

Front 29

What are the 3 main structures of sperm?

Back 29

1. Head

2. Mitochondria

3. Flagellum

Front 30

What is the sequence of ducts that sperm travel through?

Back 30

1. Seminiferous Tubules

2. Epididymis

3. Vas Deferens

4. Ejaculatory duct

5. Urethra

Front 31

What are the two types of erectile tissue?

Back 31

1. Cavernous bodies

2. Spongy body

Front 32

What does FSH do in the Testes?

Back 32

Stimulate Sertoli cells to initiate spermatogenesis

Front 33

What does LH do in the Testes?

Back 33

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

Front 34

What are the 6 structures in the female reproductive system you need to know

Back 34

1. Ovaries

2. Oviducts

3. Uterus

4. Vagina

5. Vulva

6. Breast

Front 35

Where does oogenesis take place?

Back 35

Ovaries

Front 36

Where does Fertilization take place?

Back 36

Oviducts (fallopian tube)

Front 37

What are the walls of the Uterus Called?

Back 37

Endometrium

Front 38

What 5 structures are included in the Vulva?

Back 38

1. Labia Majora

2. Labia Minora

3. Vesitbule

4. Clitoris

5. Mons Pubis

Front 39

What are the steps in Oogensis?

Back 39

Oogonium --> Primary oocyte --(first meiotic division)--> Secondary oocyte --(Second meiotic division)-->ootid --> Ovum

*after secondary oocyte is when fertilization occurs

Front 40

How long is typical menstrual cycle and how is it broken down?

Back 40

28 days

first two weeks -->preovulatory phase

Ovulation occurs --> day 14

Last two weeks --> postovulatory phase

Front 41

What is FSH and LH doing during the preovulatory phase?

Back 41

1. stimulates follicle cells to mature and produce estrogen.

Front 42

What happens when estrogen is at its peak during the preovulatory phase?

Back 42

exerts positive feedback on Lh and FSH, causing them to spike

Front 43

What is LH doing during postovulatory phase?

Back 43

promotes development of the corpus luteum

Front 44

What is the corpus luteum doing during postovulatory phase?

Back 44

secretes progesterone and estrogen, which strongly inhibits FSH and LH

Front 45

What happens if fertilization does not occur?

Back 45

the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels fall and menstruation occurs

Front 46

What are the two layers of the follicle that sperm must pass through in order to gain access to the egg

Back 46

1. Corona Radiata

2. Zona pellucida

Front 47

What is Human Chorinoic gonadotropin (hCG)?

Back 47

hormone that maintains the corpus luteum

Front 48

Why is it important for Estrogen and Progesterone to remain high throughout the pregnancy?

Back 48

1. Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions to prevent early expulsion of fetus

2. Estrogen maintains and develops uterine wall

Front 49

What STDs are Bacterial?

Back 49

Gonorrhea and Syphilis

Front 50

What STDs are viruses?

Back 50

Chlamydia, Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Genital herpes, and HIV