Organismal And Ecological Biology Chapter 40

Front 1

What is part of the Integumentary System

Back 1

1. Skin

2. Claws or nails

3. Sweat Glands

4. Oil Glands

5. Sensory Receptors

Front 2

What are the 3 layers of skin?

Back 2

1. Epidermis (outer layer)

2. Dermis (middle)

3. Hypodermis (bottom)

Front 3

What are the two layers within the Epidermis?

Back 3

1. Stratum Basale (bottom)

2. Stratum Corneum (top)

Front 4

What are Melanocytes and Where do you find them?

Back 4

1. They produce pigment called melanin (which cause color in skin)

2. Found in the stratum Basale

Front 5

What are Keratinocytes and where do you find them?

Back 5

1. Produce Keratin (protein that gives skin strength and flexibility)

2. Found throughout epidermis

Front 6

What is the thickest Layer of Skin?

Back 6

Dermis

Front 7

What is the purpose/function of the Skeletal System?

Back 7

1. Support and protect body

2. Transmit mechanical forces generated by contractions (moves the body)

Front 8

What are the 3 types of Skeletal systems?

Back 8

1. Hydrostatic Skeleton

2. Exoskeleton

3. Endoskeleton

Front 9

What are 3 characteristics of a Hydrostatic Skeleton

Back 9

1. Soft Bodied invertebrates (i.e. worms)

2. Fluid in a closed body compartment

3. Transmits forces generated by contractile cells or muscle

Front 10

What is the polysaccharide in exoskeletons that cause it to be hard?

Back 10

Chitin

Front 11

What must arthropods do to accommodate growth?

Back 11

Molt

Front 12

What are 2 examples that have an endoskeleton

Back 12

1.Echinoderms

2. Chordates

Front 13

What are the 2 divisions of the Vertebrate Skeleton?

Back 13

1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton

Front 14

Where do you find the Axial Skeleton?

Back 14

Located along the central axis of the body?

Front 15

What is the Axial Skeleton made up of?

Back 15

1. Skull

2. Spine

3. Ribs

4. Sternum

Front 16

Where is the Appendicular Skeleton Found?

Back 16

Bones of the limbs (arms and legs)

Front 17

What is the Appendicular Skeleton made up of?

Back 17

1. Pectoral Girdle (shoulder)

2. Pelvic girdle (hip)

3. Limbs

Front 18

What are the two types of bones?

Back 18

1. Endochondral Bone

2. Intramembranous Bone

Front 19

What is a Endochondral Bone

Back 19

1. long Bones

2. Develop from cartilage templates

3. Ex. Femur

Front 20

What is an Intramembranous Bone

Back 20

1. Develop from a non cartilage connective tissue model

2. Skull

Front 21

What is the structure of Long Bone?

Back 21

1. Outer shell of compact bone

2. Spongy Bone

3. Central Cavity with bone marrow

Front 22

What is another name for the shaft of the bone?

Back 22

Diaphysis

Front 23

What is another name for the ends of the bone?

Back 23

Epiphysis

Front 24

What color is Bone Marrow

Back 24

Yellow and Red

Front 25

What are the two cells that Shape and Remodel Bone?

Back 25

1.Osteoblasts

2. Osteoclast

Front 26

What do Osteoblast do?

Back 26

Produce Bone

Front 27

What do Osteoclast do?

Back 27

Break Down Bone

Front 28

What are Joints?

Back 28

Junctions of two or more bones

Front 29

What covers the surface of bones in a joint?

Back 29

Articular Cartilage

Front 30

What are Ligaments

Back 30

Connective Tissue that connect bones and limit movement at the joint

Front 31

What are the 3 types of Joints?

Back 31

1. Immovable

2. Slightly Movable

3. Freely Movable

Front 32

What is an example Slightly Movable Joints?

Back 32

Intervertebral discs

Front 33

What is an example of immovable joints?

Back 33

sutures b/w bones in the skull

Front 34

What is an example of Freely Movable Joints?

Back 34

Wrist (Joint Capsules)

Front 35

What are the two contractile proteins called

Back 35

1. Actin

2. Myosin

Front 36

What filaments do you find in the H zone

Back 36

Myosin

Front 37

What filament do you find in the I band

Back 37

Actin

Front 38

What filament do you find in the A band

Back 38

Both actin and myosin (overlap)

Front 39

How do Skeletal muscles produce movement?

Back 39

by pulling on tendons

Front 40

What are Tendons?

Back 40

tough cords of connective tissue that anchor muscles to bone

Front 41

What is the hierarchy of muscle components?

Back 41

1. Myofilaments

2. Myofibrils

3. Muscle cells/fibers

4. Fascicles

5. Muscles

Front 42

What is the contractile unit called

Back 42

Sarcomeres

Front 43

What is the area that sarcomeres join together

Back 43

Z line

Front 44

What is Acetycholine

Back 44

A neurotransmitter

Front 45

What are the major steps of muscle contraction

Back 45

1. impulse releasesAcetylcholine

2. Acetylcholine binds to receptors causing an impulse in muscle cell

3. impulse cause the release of Calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 46

Why is calcium important in muscle contraction

Back 46

binds to troponin causing change in shape. Troponin pushes tropomyosin away, exposing active site on actin filament

Front 47

What does ATP stand for

Back 47

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

Front 48

Why is ATP important in muscle contraction

Back 48

It cocks the myosin head

Front 49

What does ATP hydrolysis do?

Back 49

Fuels muscle contraction (but is short lived)

Front 50

What is Creatine phosphate

Back 50

Backup energy Compound

Front 51

What is Glycogen

Back 51

With sufficient oxygen it can be broken down to replenish ATP and Creatine

Front 52

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers

Back 52

1. Slow-oxidative fibers (red fibers)

2. Fast-glycolytic fibers (White fibers)

3. Fast-oxidative fibers (intermediate fibers)