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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is crude oil formed? |
Crude oil is formed by the long term effects of heat and pressure on marine deposits |
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Where are crude oil deposits formed? |
Crude oil deposits are formed in porous rock beneath non-porous rock |
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What elements are crude oils a mixture of? |
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon, hence the name hydrocarbons |
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How is crude oil separated into fractions? (Fractional distillation) |
• Crude oil is heated then evaporates • It enters into the bottom of the fractioning column, and cools as it rises • Fractions condense at their boiling points • Small molecules go to the top, while large ones remain nearer to the bottom |
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Name the main fractions obtained from crude oil and their uses |
• Refinery gases – cooking gas • Gasoline – petrol for cars • Kerosene – fuel for planes, stoves • Diesel – fuel for trucks • Fuel oil – ship fuel, car engine oil, polish • Bitumen – road surfaces |
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What are the prefixes for each number of carbon atoms? |
1 – Meth 2 – Eth 3 – Prop 4 – But 5 – Pent 6 – Hex |
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What are the products of complete combustion of alkanes? |
Carbon dioxide + water |
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Whatare the products of incomplete combustion of alkanes? |
Carbon monoxide + water; or Carbon monoxide + water + carbon (soot); or Carbon monoxide + water + carbon dioxide |
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Why is carbon monoxide poisonous? |
It binds to haemoglobin, and restricts the blood’s ability to carry oxygen |
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What is the equation to calculate enthalpy change? |
Q = m* c * ∆T
Energy change = mass * specific heat capacity * temperature change |
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What are the meanings of homologous series, (un)saturated, and general formula? |
Homologous series: A series of compounds with the same general formula (Un)saturated: (Not) having more space for an additional hydrogen atom General formula: A way of expressing proportions of atoms in a series of compounds |
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What is the general formula for alkanes? |
CnH2n+2 |
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What is the general formula for alkenes? |
CnH2n |
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What is the meaning of volatility? |
Volatility is how easily/readily something changes into a gas |
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What is the general formula for alcohols? |
CnH2n+1OH |
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What are isomers? |
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural/ displayed formulae |
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What conditions are preferable for cracking long-chain alkanes? |
1. High temperature 2. Catalyst of silica or alumina (broken porcelain) |
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Name two things about condensation polymeration that are different to addition polymerisation |
1. The monomers have two reactive ends / functional groups
2. When the monomers join together to form a polymer chain a small molecule (eg H2O or HCl) is produced for each new bond formed |
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What is a peptide bond? |
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What catalyst is used in the dehydration of ethanol? |
Aluminium oxide |
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Describe the process of making ethanol by fermentation |
Conversion of sugars like glucose (+ zymase catalyst) into ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (+ energy) |
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Describe the process of making ethanol from ethene |
Ethene + steam (with phosphoric acid catalyst); requires high temp. (≈ 300°C) and pressure (60-70 atm)
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH |
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What are the advantages of making ethanol from fermentation? |
• Plant sugar is a renewable resource • Only normal pressure, warmth needed • Little costly energy needed |
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What are the advantages of making ethanol from ethene? |
• Continuous process – efficient • Few workers needed • Fast reaction rate • Pure product |
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What are the disadvantages of making ethanol from fermentation? |
• Stop-start batch process • Lots of workers needed • Slow reaction rate • Impure final product |
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What are the disadvantages of making ethanol from ethene? |
• Un-renewable raw materials • Needs high temp. and pressure • Lots of energy needed |
