3.2 & 3.3- Organic Molecules & Enzymes

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Organic chemistry

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is the study of organic molecules

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Organic molecules contain atoms of

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carbon

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organic molecules are also called

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biological molecules or macro molecules

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monomers

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are cells containing biological molecules composed of the same subunits in large numbers

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a polymer

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is the joning of a large group of monomers

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A protein can contain

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hundreds of amino acid monomers

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Carbohydrates

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are almost universally used as an immediate energy source
In plants and fungi they also have structural functions

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Monosaccharides

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have only a single sugar molecule

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Glucose

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C6H12O6
has two important isomers, called fructose and galactose

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Ribose and deoxyribose

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have 5 carbon atoms they are found in RNA and DNA

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disaccharide

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contains two monosaccharides bonded together
this is the form in which sugars are normally transported

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Polysaccharides

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are polymers of monosaccharides
short term energy storage

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Sucrose

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a disaccharide found in sugar beets and sugar cane----it is common table sugar and is processed in the body as either glucose or frutose which later is changes to glucose it is stored in fat

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Starch

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plants store glucose as starch

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Animal store glucose

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as glycogen which is more highly branched. Branching makes it more subjected to hydrololyic enzymes therefore easier to break down

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Cellulose

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is the most abundant of all carbohydrates---long glucose chains are held parallel in cellulose and form fiber

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lipids

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quite varied had one thing in common they are all insoluable--they are Fats and oils and have varied functions

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Fatty acid

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has a long chain of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end when it meets a glyerol it interacts with the -OH to make the acid

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Triglycerides are

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made from the interacts of gycerol and fatty acids---fats and oils are degrades during hydrolysis and water is added to the moleculec the -OH groups of the glycerol dehydration synthesis reaction creating 3 molecules of water

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Phospholipids

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a phosphate functional group are like triglyceride except that in place of one group there is a charged phosphate group

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Steriods

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unique carbon skeloton made of four fused rings do not contain a fatty acid

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Cholesterol

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is a component of an animals cell's plasma membrane and is a precursor of other steroids

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Proteins

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Transport --- transport molecules in blood---Hemoglobin
Defense --some proteins are called antibodies

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Proteins

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Regulation---Hormones are regulatory proteins
Motion ---Contractile proteins actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and cause muscles to contract

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Amino acids

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Proteins are polymers and their monomers are called amino acids---have a unique carbon skeleton a central carbon atom is bonds to a hydrogen atom and 2 functional groups

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Nucleic Acids

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid}
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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Necleic acids are

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polymers in which the monomer is called a nucleotide found in DNA or RNA

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Nucleotides are made up of

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a phosphate -PO4
a 5-carbon sugar--deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA
and a Nitrogenbase

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Carboyhydrates

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Glucose, sucrose or Disaccharide (glucose and Fructose) Starch,
Glycogen, Maltose, Cellulose

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Lipids

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Fat and oils--Composed of glycerol and fatty acids called triglycerides.
Phospholipids same structure as a triglycerides except a phosphate group takes place of one fatty acid
Steroids are lipids

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Carbohydrates

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Glucose, sucrose or Disaccharide (glucose and Fructose) Starch,
Glycogen, Maltose, Cellulose

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Lipids

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Fat and oils--Composed of glycerol and fatty acids called triglycerides.
Phospholipids same structure as a triglycerides except a phosphate group takes place of one fatty acid
Steroids are lipids

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Proteins

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Proteins are polymers of amino acids. a peptide is composed of two amino acids a peptide bond is a covalent bond

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Carbohydrates functions

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immediate energy and stored energy; structural molecules

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Lipids functions

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Long-term energy storage; membrane components

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proteins

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suport metobolic, transport, regulation, motion

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Nucleic Acids

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Storage of genetic information

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Activation Energy

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the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction

the energy required to break the bonds of the reactants

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Catalysts

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chemical agents that speed the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed

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How are catalysts thought to work?

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By lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

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Catalysts in organisms are made up of what?

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Enzymes (proteins)

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What are substrates?

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Reactants in enzyme catalyzed reactions

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Enzymes work primarily based on their _____?

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3D shape, which is distinctive for each type of enzyme.

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What is the active site of an enzyme?

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Portion of an enzyme that interacts with a substrate

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Active site and substrate fit model

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Lock and Key

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Environmental factors that affect enzyme reaction rate

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Temperature and pH