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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an organic molecule?
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Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. They determine structure and function of living things.
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What is an inorganic molecule?
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Do not contain carbon and hydrogen together; smaller molecules; can play a important role in living things.
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What are the four classes of organic compound in any living thing?
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Carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, nad nucleic acids
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What are the four elements that make up 95% of our body weight?
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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What is there about carbon that makes organic molecules so diverse and complex?
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Carbon is quite small, with only a total of 6 electrons: two electrons in the first shell and four electrons in the outer shell. Carbon can bond with up to four other atoms. Shares electrons with CHNOPS.
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The carbon chain of an organic molecule is called its?
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Skeleton or backbone
Carbon has the ability to bond to itself makes possible carbon chains and rings which serve as backbone. |
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What is a functional group?
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Is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton.
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Polar and Nonpolar molecules are what type of molecules?
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Polar molecules (with +/- charges) are attracted to water molecules and are hydrophilic.
Nonpolar molecules are repelled by water and do not dissolve in water and are hydrophobic. |
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What type of molecule is hydrocarbon?
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Hydrocarbon is hydrophobic except when it has an attached ionized functional group such as carboxyl acid (--COOH); then it is hydrophilic.
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What are isomers?
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Molecules with identical molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms.
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What are macromolecules?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids because of their large size.
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What are polymers?
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Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded to monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomer called amino acids. Polymer gets longer as monomers bond to one another.
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What are the four classes of polymers?
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Polysaccharides, triglycerides, polypeptides, nucleic acids
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What are some small organic molecules?
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Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, etc.) serve as monomers (subunits/building blocks of polymers
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What is the different between organic and inorganic molecules?
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Organic-always covalent
Inorganic-contain + and - ions and ionic bonding |
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What is the dehydration reaction?
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Condensation
Chemical reaction resulting in a convalent bond with the accompanying loss of water molecule. OH(Hydroxyl group) and H(hydrogen group) are removed. Water is removed (condensation) and bond made (synthesis). |
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What is hydrolysis reaction?
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Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and the OH- in the other. Water is used to break the bond holding monomer together. Break down polymers
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What is an enzyme?
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Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that sppeeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape. They are needed for these reactions.
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What are carbohydrates?
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Energy source in living things.
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What are monosaccharides?
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Are simple sugars containing 3-7 carbon atoms (plus hydrogen and oxygen)
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What is glucose?
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Contain six carbon atoms, is hexose. Has several isomers-Triose
Is commonly found in animals; immediate energy source to cells |
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What is frutose?
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Is commonly found in fruit
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What is Ribose and deoxyribose?
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Pentose sugars; contribute to backbone of RNA and DNA
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What is a disaccharide?
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Contains two monosaccharides joined by condensation.
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What is Lactose?
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Galactose and glucose; found in milk
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What is Maltose?
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Two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion
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What is Sucrose?
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Fructose and glucose; transported within plant; table sugar
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What are polysaccharides?
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Chains of glucose molecules or modified glucose molecules. Polymer of monosaccharides.
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What is starch?
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Straight chain of glucose molecules; storage form for plants.
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What is glycogen?
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Branched chain of glucose; storage carbohydrate in animals. How we store food.
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What is cellulose?
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Glucose bonded to form microfibrils; plant cell walls.
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What is Chitin?
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Polymer with amino acid attached to each; primary constituent of crabs, lobsters and insects.
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What are lipids?
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Many insoluble in water because they lack polar groups.
Fat provides insulation and energy source. Phospholipids form plasma membranes and steroids are important cell messengers |
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Fats and Oils contain/building blocks?
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Glycerol and fatty acids
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What are fatty acids?
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Long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end.
Soluble in water; usually contains 16-18 carbon atoms per molecule. Saturated fatty acids - no double bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids - double bonds found between carbons. |
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What is glycerol?
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Water-soluble compound with three hydroxyl groups.
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What are triglycerides?
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Glycerol plus three fatty acids joined by condensation synthesis.
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What are fats and oils?
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Fats - triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids
Oils - triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids |
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What is a Saturated fatty acid?
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Have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
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What is a unsaturated fatty acid?
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Have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom.
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What are waxes?
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Long-chain fatty acid bonded to long-chain alcohol.
Solid at room temperature; have high melting point and are waterproof and resist degradation. Form protective covering tht retards water loss in plants, maintain animal skin and fur. |
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What are phospholipids?
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Like triglycerides except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.
Phosphate group is polar head; hydrocarbon chains form nonpolar tails. Phospholipids arrange themselves in double layer in water--polar heads face outward toward water and nonpolar tails face inward. Allows them to form interface or separation between two solutions. |
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What are steriods?
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Four fused carbon rings and vary according to attached functional groups.
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What is cholesterol?
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Part of animal cell’s membrane and precursor of other steroids, including aldosterone and sex hormones. Testosterone is male sex hormone.
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What are the functions of proteins?
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– Support - keratin (hair and nails), collagen (supports many organs)
– Enzymes - speed chemical reactions – Transport - channel and carrier proteins in plasma membrane and hemoglobin in rbc – Defense - antibodies that prevent infection – Hormones – Motion - myosin and actin in muscle |
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What is the building blocks of proteins?
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Amino acids
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What are amino acids?
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Contain an acidic group (--COOH), amino group (--NH2), and an R group attached to a carbon atom.
R groups range from single hydrogen to. complicated ring compounds Twenty different amino acids found in cells. |
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What are peptides?
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Two or more amino acids joined together by covalent bonding.
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Waht is a peptide bond?
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Type of covalent bond that joins amino acids. Polarity of peptide bond permits hydrogen bonding between parts of polypeptide.
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What are polypeptides?
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Chains of many amino acids joined by peptid bonds.
Protein may contain more than one polypeptide chain; can have large numbers of amino acids |
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What does the shape of the protein do?
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Determines the function in the cells and body of an organism.
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What is the primary structure?
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Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
• First protein sequence determined was insulin by Frederick Sanger • Since amino acids differ by R groups, proteins differ by particular sequence of the R groups. |
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What is the secondary structure?
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(alpha) helix discovered by Linus Pauling and Robert Corey
Hydrogen bonding occurs between the C=O of one amino acid and the N--H of another. Hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid holds spiral shape of an " helix. " helices covalently bonded by disulfide linkages between two cysteine amino acids. |
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B sheet is what?
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Pleated B sheet polypeptides turn back on themselves; hydrogen bonding occurs between extended lengths.
B keratin includes keratin of feathers, hooves, claws, beaks, scales, and horns; silk is also protein with B sheet structure. |
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What is the tertiary structure?
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proteins of secondary structure are folded; 3-D shape
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What is the Quaternary Structure?
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Two or more polypeptides combine
Hemoglobin is globular protein with a quaternary structure of 4 polypeptides Most enzymes have quaternary structure |
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What is the denaturation or proteins?
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Change the shape.
Both temperature and pH can change polypeptide shape - once protein loses its normal shape, it cannot perform its usual function. Sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s final shape. |
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What is a nucleic acid?
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Are polymers of nucleotides with very specific functions in cells.
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What is the function of DNA?
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(deoxyribonucleic acid) - stores genetic code for its own replication and for sequence of amino acids in proteins
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What is the function of RNA?
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single-stranded nucleic acid that translates the genetic doe of DNA into the amino acid sequence of proteins
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What is a nucleotide?
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may act as coenzymes; ATP (used to supply energy); and as building blocks for nucleic acids
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What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides composed of phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogen-containing base (A,G,C,T, or U)
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What are differences between RNA and DNA?
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Nucleotides of DNA contain deoxyribose sugar; RNA contains ribose sugar.
In RNA, base uracil occurs instead of base thymine. DNA is double-stranded with complementary base pairing forming double helix; RNA is single-stranded. |
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What is ATP?
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A nucleotide in which adenosine is composed of adenine and ribose.
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What does ATP do?
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– Three phosphates are attached to five-carbon portion of molecule
– High-energy molecule because last two unstable phosphate bonds are easily broken producing energy and forming ADP – Supplies energy for synthetic reactions |
