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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
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organic
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an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity.
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flowers
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highest demanded organic commodity, highest selling
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organic farming pesticides
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designed to encourage soil and water conservation and reduce pollution.
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national organic standard
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spells out what farmers and food processors must do to be certified "organic", a state run or accredited private agency determines whether they conform to the National Organic Program
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certified organic
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does NOT mean pesticide residue free because they are everywhere
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mass market channels
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accounted for 46% of all organic foods sold in the U.S. in 2005
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organic farming operations
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use 30% less energy than conventional farms
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What state is the top producer of organic food?
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California with 223,263 acres
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What year did all states contain some organic farmland?
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2005
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U.S. sales of organic products
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grown 18% a year, most imported
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why organic?
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reduces toxic load and pollution, builds healthy soil, promotes biodiversity
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Rodale
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published Pay-Dirt an organic farming and gardening magazine in 1940, crop rotation and mulching
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Albert Howard
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father of organic agriculture, promoted the natural approach such as composting(Indore process)
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Rachel Carson
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wrote Silent Spring that discussed the impact of DDT on environment, caused environmental consciousness in the 60's and 70's and led to the banning of DDT
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EPA
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created in 1970 by Nixon, FIFRA Act
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early organic farming
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doing "next to nothing" was a fail because they had poor soil and low yields
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image of organic farm
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small because of markets and bio intensive mini farming (labor intensive), large farms are possible
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organic certifying agent
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third party that evaluates producers, processors, and handlers to determine whether they conform to organic standards
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Organic Foods Production Act
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1990, mandated the creation of the National Organic Program and the passage of uniform organic standards
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National Organic Program
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goal is to give accreditation to the certifying agents who inspect organic production and handling operations to certify that they meet USDA standards
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who needs certification?
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operations that produce or handle agricultural products that are intended to be sold, labeled, or represented as 100% organic
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who doesn't need certification?
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producers and handling operations that sell less than $5,000 a year in organic products or a retail food establishment that handles products but does not process them
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how to get certified
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find a certifier such as the state agriculture dept. or private entity and submit an application. Application must include type of operation, history of land for previous 3 years, organic products, the organic system plan describing practices and substances used.
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after certification
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must keep accurate post-certification records for 5 years concerning the production, harvesting, and handling of agriculture products to be sold as organic. Unannounced inspections each year
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non-mineral nutrients
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hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
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healthy soil
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ability to provide nutrients to the crop; healthy biological activity and physical properties
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primary macronutrients
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nitrogen(12), phosphorus(3), and potassium(6)
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secondary macronutrients
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calcium, magnesium, and sulfur
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micronutrients
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boron, copper, iron, chloride, manganese, zinc
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living plants consist of
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70% water
27% organic matter 3% mineral content |
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soil testing
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15-18 subsamples that are 6-8 inches deep, mix all samples and take a sample from the mix
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organic horizon
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leaf litter and other organic matter on surface
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topsoil or A horizon
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organic matter, roots, bacteria, fungi, small animals
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subsoil or B horizon
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low in organic matter, zone of accumulation of leached material
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transition or C horizon
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nothing
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final or R horizon
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unweathered bedrock
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compacted soil
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has large clods that don't break easily, absence of vertical cracks, shallow rooting
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clods
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large with smooth surface=poor structure, small with irregular surface=good structure, no clods=poor structure
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cracks
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contain air for roots and soil organisms, allows drainage and provides channels for new root growth. Horizontal cracks with no vertical cracks=compactation
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soil biological activity
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poor structure inhibits biological activity. numerous earth worms and rapid decomposition of residues are an indication of few structural problems
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Thomas Jefferson
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brought tomatoes to U.S., called them love apples
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Nix vs. Hedden
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court case arguing if tomato is a fruit or vegetable, ruled that it is a fruit botanically but a vegetable legally
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cultural requirement for tomato
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start from seed 4-6 weeks prior to planting, plant after danger of frost in mid summer or fall, harvest until first frost, pH 6.0-6.8, 2ft apart in rows 5ft apart
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crop rotation of tomato
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rotate with a non solanaceae(potato, eggplant, peppers) crop every 3+ years
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growth habit of tomato
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determinate-bush
indeterminate-vining florida weave, topsy turvy |
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varieties of tomatoes
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heirloom-open pollinated
beefsteak-largest(beefmaster VFN) roma-used for salsa(determinate) |
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tomato horn worm
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on plant, control by beneficial insects, bt, pyre thrum, removal
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tomato fruit worm
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in fruit, control by beneficial insects, bt, pyre thrum
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TMV
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tobacco mosaic virus, don't smoke around plants
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blossom end root
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caused by lack of calcium; cured by adding calcium, seaweed extract, mulch, phosphorus
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cracking of tomato
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occurs in warm, rainy weather after a dry spell, cured by mulching and irrigating
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how to prolong production of tomatoes
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drop the plant
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Calgene FLAVR SAVR
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first commercially grown genetically modified tomato for human consumption
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composting
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the biological reduction of organic wastes to humus, 55-149 degrees, above is too hot, 40-60% water, turn every 5 days
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mesophilic phase
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<104 degrees, a couple of days, rapid breakdown of soluble readily gradeable compounds
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thermophilic phase
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105-149 degrees, several days to several months, breakdown of more complex compounds
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maturation phase
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cooling, curing
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browns
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dried plant parts, sources of carbon, help maintain porosity
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green
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fresh plant parts, sources of nitrogen
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temp for killing human pathogens
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131 degrees
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temp for destroying weed seed
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145 degrees
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trouble with compost
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rotten egg smell=anaerobic conditions so turn pile and add browns
ammonia odor=too much nitrogen so add browns and turn |
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low pile temp
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pile too small so enlarge, add greens, and water
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high pile temp
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reduce pile size
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soil physical condition
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level of compaction, water holding capability, and drainage. effect soil and plant health
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soil chemical condition
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pH, salt content, availability of nutrients. affect crop health and pest susceptibility
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plastic mulch
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speed early season crop growth and enhance ability to withstand insect feeding
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reflective mulch
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reduce thrips and aphid populations
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straw mulch
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reduce problems with Colorado potato beetle
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flaming
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use propane burner to pass flame over potato plants 4-5" tall to get rid of Colorado potato beetle
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augmentation
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increase population through purchase and release
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conservation
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increase existing populations through habitat conservation and other means
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predators
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ladybugs, lacewings, praying mantis, spiders. Each one eats many insects in its lifetime
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parasitoids
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develop on or in hosts killing them as it matures. Flies and wasps. Eat only one insect in its lifetime
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pathogens
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colonize and kill host. nematodes, bacteria, fungi
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weed feeders
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arthropods, vertebrates, pathogens
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ground beetle
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nocturnal feeders. eat aphids, slugs, snails, caterpillars
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soldier beetles
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look like a lightning bug.feed on grasshopper eggs, aphids, and caterpillars. larvae feed on snails and slugs
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assassin bug
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eat flies, tomato horn worms, caterpillars
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green lacewing
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eat soft bodied insects such as aphids, mites, caterpillars
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parasitic wasps
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kills a single host insect, most only attack one species. Can't sting humans
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braconid wasps
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feed on worms, moths, beetle larvae, flies, apids
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parasitic flies
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second most important parasite, after the Hymenoptera. 16,000 species of flies are parasitic, 20% of all known parasitic insects. lay their eggs on plants
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tachinid fly
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feed on caterpillars, japanese beetle, squash bug, stink bug, grasshoppers
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predatory flies
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at least 20 fly families have predatory species. In species with predatory larvae adults lay single eggs or in scattered groups on plants near colonies of mites or aphids
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hover fly
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larvae attack aphids, scales, etc
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robber fly
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attack soft bodied insects
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bluebird
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nest boxes 5-6' above ground, near tree, 80-100' apart, 1 1/2" opening
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Chickadee
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nest boxes near trees. 5-15' above ground, 1 1/8" hole
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Wrens
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near stick pile and garden, summer resident only, 3/4" hole, extremely territorial
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Robin
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insectivore, nesting shelves under eaves, eats small fruits
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Starling
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insectivore, eat small fruit and hollow out large fruit
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Brown Bats
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eat 600 mosquitoes per hour, leaf hoppers, cucumber beetles, stink bugs, moths. nest near water and trees 10' above ground
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6 steps to successful organic pest management
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1)record keeping
2)obtain info 3)make a list of tools 4)select tools 5)experiment and observe 6)start simple |