Organic Chemistry - Vi - Chemical And Physical Properties Of Molecules

Front 1

Define polarity.

Back 1

The polarity of a molecule determines in part how the molecule will react with other molecules. Polarity is due to the geometric configuration of he molecule, often a result of hybridization.

Front 2

Define solubility.

Back 2

Solubility is a measure of how readily a compound will dissolve in another compound. *Polar compounds solvate polar compounds and nonpolar compounds solvate nonpolar compounds.

Front 3

Properties of alkanes:

Back 3

Nonpolar hydrocarbons - insoluble in water.
Melting and boiling points are low. (The higher the molecular weight, the higher the boiling point.) Alkanes with 1-4 carbons are gases, with 5-17 carbons are liquids, and alkanes with 18 or more carbons are solids.

Front 4

Properties of alkenes and alkynes:

Back 4

In general, alkenes and alkynes have physical properties similar to those of alkanes. However, the presence of double bond in alkenes creates cis/trans isomerization.

Front 5

Properties of alcohols:

Back 5

Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes because of the hydrogen bonding of the hydroxy group. Alcohols that have fiver of fewer carbons exhibit a net dipole and are water soluble. Alcohols react with acids, which protonate the oxygen, creating a positive charge that reacts with a nucleophile.

Front 6

Properties of ethers:

Back 6

Ethers cannot form intermolecular hydrogen bonds as alcohols ddo because, in place of hydroxy hydrogen, ethers have an alkyl group. Compared to alcohols, ethers have lower melting and boiling points.

Front 7

Properties of carbohydrates:

Back 7

The oxidation of carbohydates, is responsible for the metabolism of stored energy and the formation of ATP.

Front 8

Properties of lipids:

Back 8

Lipids include a variety of compounds some of which are phospholipids, waxes, and fatty acids. A lipid is a nonpolar molecule with a carboxyl head and a long hydrocarbon tail. If the chain contains double bonds, it is either unsaturated or polysaturated. Fats are the primary energy-storage molecules. The large number of carbon-hydrogen bonds, which release energy when metabolized, explains why fats provide twice as much energy per gram do carbohydrates and proteins.

Front 9

Properties of amines:

Back 9

Amines are nitrogen-containing compounds derived from ammonia. The electrons are involved in hydrogen bonding, which gives amines high melting and boiling points.