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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two reactions that Alkanes do?
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1 Combustion: addition of O2; yeilds lg amt. of heat
2 Halogenation: Addition of a halogen (Br, Cl);initiated by light or heat |
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Name some properties of alkanes
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odorless, colorless, tasteless, nontoxic
nonpolar; not water soluble soluble in organic non polar substances Flammable |
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What are Alkenes
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compounds with C=C bonds
Ex: Ethylene |
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What are Alkynes?
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Compounds with Carbon triple bonds
Ex: Acetylene |
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What are Aromatic Compounds?
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6-membered ring of Carbons with 3 alternating double bonds
Ex: Benzene |
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What does saturated mean?
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each carbon atom bonds to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Alkanes are saturated |
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What are cis-trans isomers?
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Alkenes that have the same connections b/t atoms but differ in their 3-dimensional structures b/c of the way the groups are attached to different sides of the double bond.
cis-2-butene trans-2-butene |
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Name some properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
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nonpolar
insoluble in water soluble in organic solvents less dense than water Flammable, nontoxic Chemically reactive at the Carbon double bond |
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What types of reactions do Alkenes and Alkynes undergo?
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Addition Reactions
A+B=C Elimination Reactions A= B+C Substitution Reactions AB+ C = AC + B Rearrangement Reactions A = B (isomeric product) |
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What are the different types of Alkene Addition reactions?
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1 Hydrogentation
2 Halogentation 3 Hydro halogenation 4 Hydration |
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What is a Hydrohallogenation reaction?
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the addition of HCL or HBr to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide
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What is Halothane?
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A Halogenated Alkane
(started out as ethane) * the only alkane in current use as an anesthetic 1-Bromo1-Chloro, 2-2-2Tri Floro Ethane |
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What is an alkyl Halide
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A halogentated Alkane
Ex: Halothane, Chloroform |
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What is Markovnikov's Rule?
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In Hydorhalogenation, the Hydrogen attaches to the Carbon that already has the most H's and the Halogen (X) attaches to the carbon with less H's
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Name some Amines
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Dopamine, Atropine, Glycopyrolate
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What is an Alcohol
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a compound that has an -OH group bonded to a saturated alkane-like carbon atom
R-OH |
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What is a Phenol
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a compound that has an -OH group bonded directly to an aromatic, benzene-like ring
Ar-OH |
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What is an Ether?
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A compound that has an oxygen atom bonded to two organic groups
R-O-R |
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Why do alcohols and phenols have similiar boiling pooints to water?
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Because they all have polarized -OH groups that form hydrogens bond beteween their molecules, make it more difficult for the molecules to break apart and vaporize.
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What is the simplest member of the alcohol family?
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methyl alcohol CH3OH
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Which is more polar: hydrocarbon or alcohol?
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alcohol is more polar b/c of the -OH group
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Which is more soluble in water: methanol or 1-Heptanol?
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Methanol is soluble in water because of the limited # of C and the OH group makes it act similiar to water.
1-Heptanol has many C's, so acts more like an alkane and is minimally soluble in water |
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What are the reactions that Alcohols undergo?
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Dehydration
-yeilds an alkene Oxidation -yeilds a carbonyl compound (C=O) |
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What is Oxidation?
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it the removal of 2 hydrogen atoms from an alcohol
creating a C=O carbon, oxygen double bond. |
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When oxidized, what does a primary alcohol turn into?
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an Aldehyde
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What does oxidation of a secondary alcohol yield?
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a ketone
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What does oxidation on a tertiary alcohol yeild?
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No reaction occurs b.c the carbon does not have any Hydrogens to react.
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What is the first antiseptic ever used?
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Phenol
Joseph Lister 1867 |
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What is an example of two anesthetics athat are structural isomers?
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Isoflurane & Enflurane
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What is the chemical name for Propofol
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2, 6, Diisopropyl Phenol
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What are Ethers?
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Compounds with 2 organic groups bonded to the same oxygen atom
R-O-R |
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What is an alkoxyl group?
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ether group as a substituent
R-O- Ex: CH3O is methoxy group |
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Give two examples of Ethers
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Desflurine
Enflurine |
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When was ether first used as an anesthetic?
What were the issues with it? |
1840's
very pungent; difficult induction long recovery time High incidence of n/v Highly flammable (explosive with air) |
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Give some example of Amides in anesthesia
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Lidocaine
Bupivicaine Mepivicaine Prilocaine Etidocaine |
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What are some properties of ethers?
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lower boiling point than alcohols, but higher than alkanes
ones with low number of carbons are somewhat soluble in water Highly flammable (react with oxygen) |
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What is an Alkyl Halide?
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a compound that has an alkyl group bonded to a halogen atom
R-X |
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Name some examples of alkyl halides
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Chloroform (general anesthetic)
Halothane Ethyl Chloride (topical anesthetic) |
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Name some properties of Amines
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Weak Bases: their lone pair of electrons a H+ ion from an acid or water
Higher boiling point than alkanes (b.c can do Hydrogen bonding) Lower BP than alcohols Simple amines are water soluble (hydrogen bonding) Strong/ Unpleasant odor (volatile amines) Toxic by ingestion Many can cause physiologic responses |
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Which type of amines can pass into CNS secondary, tertiary, or quaternary?
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Secondary and Tertiary Amines do naot have a charge
Ex: Atropine is a tertiary amine and can go into CNS |
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What is a Carbonyl Compound
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Any compoound that contains a carbonyl group C=O
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What are the two simplest families of carbonyl compounds?
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Aldehydes: RCHO (has a Hydrogen)
Ketones: RCOR' (no Hydrogen) |
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What is an Aldehyde
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A Carbonyl Compound
RCHO double bond with C and O |
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What is a ketone
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A Carbonyl Compound
RCOR' C and O have a double bond |
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What is Carboxylic Acid?
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A Carbonyl compound
has a C and O double bond and an -OH group RCOOH |
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What is the Carboxyl Group?
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the -COOH functional group in carboxylic acids
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What is the functional group in a compound?
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the group of atoms that determine the characteristic properties of a compound
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How does IUPAC system work in naming compounds?
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1. start with the parent portion of the name which is defined by the number of carbons in the longest chain
2. prefix is dependent on attached substituents 3. suffix is where the family name comes in (-ane) |
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Is methyl a parent group or substituent group?
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substituent group
Methane is functional group |
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What are cycloalkanes?
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3 carbon ring
*simplest cycloalkane is cyclopropane (an anesthetic that is not used anymore) |
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How many types of reactions do alkanes do?
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2
Combustion Halogenation (Halothane and chloroform are halogenated alkanes aka alkyl halides) |
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What are the two classifications of Isomerism?
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1 Structural (constitutional)
2. Stereoisomers: geometric, optical, or conformational |
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What is another name for optical isomers?
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Enantiomers
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Are optical isomers super-imposable?
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No.
Has to do with rotation of plane polarized light either clockwise (dextorotary) or counterclockwise (levorotary) |
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What is another name for Geometric Isomers?
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Cis- Trans- Isomers
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Give an example of anesthetics supplied as racemic mixtures of optical isomers
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Ketamine, Thiopental
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What does stereoselective mean?
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When a drug receptor only binds to one enantiomer of a compound
Refers to pharmcokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enantiomers. |
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What is stereospecifity?
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If a drug receptor binds to both enantiomers of a drug, but one has more potency
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Name 2 anesthetics that are structural isomers
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Isoflurane and Enflurane
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What is the difference b/t structural Isomers and Stereoisomers?
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Structural isomers have the same molecular fomula, but different connections (bonding)
Stereoisomers have identical formulas and connections, but different arrangement of atoms in 3-dimensional space |
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Are Alkyne and alkenes saturated or unsaturated?
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unsaturated b/c they don't have max. amount of Hydrogen bonds. C has a double or triple bond with other C
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Name the 4 Alkene Addition Reactons
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Hydrogenation
Halogenation Hydrohalogenation Hydration |
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What is a polymerization reaction?
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occurs when a monomer is treated with a catalyst
Ex Methymethacrylate; conversion of monomer to polymer has to be done right before putting synthetic bone in the patient. Reaction is exothermic. |
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When naming aromatic compounds what prefixes are used?
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"ortho" 1,2
"meta" 1,3 "para" 1,4 used to tell position of substituent groups on the benzene ring |
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What is the other name for benzene substituent group?
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Phenyl Group
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What are the classifications of alcohols?
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Primary: one are group attached to C-OH
Secondary: two R groups attached to C-OH Tertiary: Three R groups attached to C-OH. No hydrogen atoms |
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what are the 2 steps of ethyl alcohol metabolism (oxidation)?
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1. Primary alcohol to an Aldehyde
2. Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid (Acetic acid) |
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What is an Alkoxyl Group?
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An Ether (R-O-R) as a substituent (R-O)
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Name an Amine with a positive charge
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Acetycholine
A Quarternary Ammonium (has 4 organic groups attached to the Nitrogen) |
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Name an amine with a benzene structure attached
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Catecholamines
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Name a tertiary amine
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Atropine
No charge-- can pass the Blood-Brain Barrier |
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Name the 5 types of Carbonyl Compounds
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1 Aldehydes
2 Ketones 3 Carboxyl Acids 4 Esters 5 Amides |
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Give some examples of Esters
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Propane
Procaine Chloroprocaine Tetracaine Cocaine |
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What is the other name for propofol?
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yes
2, 6 Diisopropyl Phenol |
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How do esters cause allergic reactions?
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they metabolize to peramino acid--can cause allergic reactions
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name a Quarternary Amine anesthetic Drug
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Glycopyrolate
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