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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 4 organic molecules |
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. |
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Functional Group |
Group of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon molecule that can alter the behaviour of the hydrocarbon molecule in a particular way. |
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Macromolecules |
Large molecules made of smaller molecules |
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What are the components of macromolecules called? |
Monomers or sub-units |
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Polymer |
monomers binded together |
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What are the monomers of a polysaccharide? |
Glucose |
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What are the monomers of proteins? |
Amino Acids |
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what are the monomers of nucleic acids? |
Nucleotides |
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What are the monomers of lipids? |
Glycerol and fatty acids |
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How do monomers link up? |
Due to the loss of water (condensation/dehydration synthesis) |
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What occurs during dehydration synthesis/condensation? |
Hydrogen atom from one monomer joins with the hydroxl group from another to form H2O and then the monomer covalently bonds |
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What is the opposite reaction of dehydration synthesis/condensation? |
Hydrolysis (equivalent to digestion in human body :) which is later on) |
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What are the functions of Carbohydrate |
Short term energy storage and plays a structural role. Cell recognition/communication |
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What is the ratio hydrogen to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate? |
CH2O -----> 2:1 |
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What are 3 names of carbohydrates based on the amount of monomers they have? |
Monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide |
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Monosaccharide |
Have 3-7 carbon atoms. Simple sugars. |
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What differentiates hexoses from each other? |
Have the same molecular formula but differ in shape of their ring structure and the way their OH and H groups are arranged |
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What are 3 examples of monosaccharides? |
Hexose: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose |
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Disaccharides |
Two monosaccharides together |
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Which monomers form sucrose? |
Glucose + fructose |
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Which monomers form maltose? |
Two glucose monomers |
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How do disaccharides form? |
Dehydration synthesis or condensation |
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Polysaccharide |
More than 2 glucose moelcules joined together through dehydration synthesis/condemnation |
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Which polysaccharide is normally found exclusively in plants? |
Starch |
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Which polysaccharide is normally found exclusively in animals?
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Glycogen |
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What do glycogen and starch have in common? |
They are both storage forms of glucose |
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How do glycogen and starch differ? |
Starch has fewer side branches than glucose |
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Structurally, how does cellulose differ from both glycogen and starch? |
Every other glucose monomer is flipped upside down |
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Which polysaccharide is a component in the cell wall? |
Cellulose, known as fibre/roughage |
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Which polysaccharide can a human not digest? and why? |
Cellulose due to its structure |
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Which polysaccharide is the primary source of calories for humans? |
Starch |
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Which polysaccharide is found in the muscles and livers of humans? |
Glycogen |
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Which polysaccharide is a stored energy source? |
Glycogen |
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What are the functions of proteins in the human body? |
Structural components |
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How do proteins differ in each other? |
By the type of R groups or functional groups |
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What are the basic components of an amino acid? |
1. Amino acid group |
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Why are amino acids called amino acids? |
Because of their amine NH2 group and their COOH (carboxylic acid( |
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How are two amino acids joined together? |
dehydration synthesis/condensation |
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What is the bond between two amino acids called? |
Peptide bond |
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Why does hydrogen bonding occur between two amino acids? |
The O has a slight - and the N has a slight + |
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What is it called when two amino acids join together? |
Dipeptide |
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What is it called when 3-20 amino acids join together?
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Oligopeptide |
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What is it called when hundreds to thousands of amino acids join together? |
Polypeptide |
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What are the four levels of organization for proteins? |
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quartenary |
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Describe the primary structure of a polypeptide. |
Linear sequence of amino acids. |
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Describe the secondary structure of a polypeptide. |
Due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids in protein alpha helix and beta pleated sheets occur |
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Describe the tertiary structure of a polypeptide. |
Final 3D shape of protein |
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Quartenary Structure |
Proteins having more than 1 polypeptide chain. |
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What is an example of a protein with a quartenary structure? |
Haemoglobin |
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Denaturization |
When proteins are exposed to environmental extremes such as high temperatures and extreme pH, you alter the bonds between the different R groups |
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What are two examples of denaturalization? |
Cooking albumin in eggs and adding acid to milk which causes curdling |
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Can denaturalization be reverse? |
Ya |
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What are 3 types of lipids? |
Steroids, phospholipids & triglycerides |
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Where do fat and oil originate from? |
Fats: animal Oil: plants |
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What are the functions of fats? |
Insulation Long term energy storage Cushion organs Membrane Component Hormones |
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Are fats hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
Hydrophobic/non-polar |
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What are the reactants that form triglyceride? |
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids. |
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Describe the structure of glycerol |
Short hydrocarbon (3 carbon) with 3 OH groups |
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Describe the structure of a fatty acid |
Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at lne end making it an acid. |
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How many water molecules are produced in the condensation/dehydration synthesis of a tryglyceride? And why? |
3 because there are 3 bonds being broken. |
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Saturated |
Only single bonds |
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Unsaturated |
Double or triple bonds |
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Which organism cobtaibs saturated fats? |
Animals |
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Which organism contains unsaturated fats? |
Plants |
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How are fats able to mix with water? |
The use of emulsifiers. |
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Emulsifier |
A compound that contains molecules with a polar and non polar end |
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Describe the process of emulsification |
The non-polar end will face towarda the fat while the polar ends faces outward towards the water. |
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What is an example of an emulsifier in the human body? |
Bile |
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How are soaps created? |
Saponification (hydrolosis) of triglycerides. Adding inogranic base to a fatty acid. |
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Soaps are not emulsifiers, true or false. |
False |
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How do phospholipids differ from triglycerides? |
Phidpholipids are lipids with a phosphate group replacing a fatty acid in a tryglyceride. |
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What makes tryglycerides different from all other fats? |
They are polar/charged at one end and non polar at another end while other fats are completely non polar. |
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Which components of a phospholipid are charged and which are not? |
The fatty acid end is not charged (hydrophobic) while the phosphate end is charged (hydrophilic) |
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Describe the orientation of a phospholipid molecule within a cell membrane. |
The hydrophilic end (phosphate) is facing outide of cell toward water while the hydrophobic (fatty acid) end faces in the cell. |
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How are phospholipids further modified within a cell? |
The covalent bonding of additional compoubds to the phosphate group. |
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Describe the structure of steroids |
4 fused carbon ring backbone |
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How do steroids differ from each other? |
Functional groups and arrangement of atoms in the rings. |
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What are many steroids derived from? |
Cholesterol molecule |
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What does DNA & RNA stand for? |
Deoxyribonucleic acid & ribonucleic acid |
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What component of a nucleic acid makes it an acid? |
The phosphate group |
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Which process are both DNA and RNA involved in? |
Protein Synthesis |
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What are the monomers of a nucleic acid? |
Nucleotides |
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What are the 3 basic components of a nucleotide? |
1. Phosphate Group |
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What are four types of nitrogenous bases? |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil |
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Which nitrogenous bases are known as purines? What makes purines distinct from pyrimidines structurally? |
Adenine & Guanine |
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Which nitrogenous bases are known as pyrimidines? What makes pyrimidines distinct from purines structurally?
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Cytosine, Thymine & Uracil |
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Describe the structure of DNA & RNA |
They are joined by alternation sugar and phosphate backbones with the nitrogenous base sticking out like the rungs of a ladder |
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How are nucleotides joined together? |
Dehydration synthesis/condensation |
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In what ways do DNA & RNA differ from each other? |
1. DNA forms a helix |
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What are the levels of organization of DNA and RNA? |
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary |
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Describe the primary structure of DNA and RNA |
Made of the sequence and types of DNA or RNA read in a 5' to 3' direction |
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Describe the secondary structure of DNA and RNA |
Complimentary base pairing the occurs between the different nucleotides in a double strand of DNA or RNA that causes them to twist in a particular shape |
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Describe the tertiary structure of DNA and RNA |
Final three dimensional shape of molecules |
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What type of bond forms between the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecules? |
Hydrogen Bonds |
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What does ATP stand for? |
Adenosine Triphosphate |
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What type of monomer is an ATP molecule? |
Nucleotide |
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What are the 3 components of an ATP molecule? |
1. Adenine Base |
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Where is the energy found within an ATP molecule? |
The phosphate bonds |
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What are the functions of ATP? |
1. Energy for a multitude of metabolic reactions |
