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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 4 atoms contribute to most of human body makeup?
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Hydrogen
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen |
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What 4 molecules are most important?
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Proteins
Carbohydrates Lipids RNA/DNA |
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True / False
Metabolic Reactions = Organic Reactions in the body |
True
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Electronegativity, greatest to least
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F>O>N>Cl>Br>I>S>C=H
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What bond angle between C - H is most stable?
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109.5 degrees
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Define unsaturated bonds
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double or triple bonds between atoms
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Define isomer
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Same chemical formula, different structural formula
Rotational isomers Optical isomers Geometric isomers |
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Which optical isomers of carbohydrates and amino acids are produced/used by the body?
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D-sugars
L-Amino acids |
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What are covalent bonds?
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Equal sharing of electrons between atoms
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Name other bonds
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Coordinate Bonds (one atom provides both electrons, e.g. ammonia)
Disulfide bond Hydrogen bonds Hydrophobic interactions Van Der Wall forces |
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Identify this chemical structure
C=O | OH |
Carboxylate
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The following is a general structure for
- C-OH Aldehyde Alcohol Carboxyl Ketone |
Alcohol
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C=O
| H The preceding is the structure for Ketone Amine Aldehyde Alcohol |
Aldehyde
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This is the structure for
O=C-C-NH2 | OH Ester Ether Amide Amino Acid |
Amino Acid
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What is the core structure for a ketone?
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C=O
| CH3 |
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How would one construct an ether bond?
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Alcohol+Alcohol
(Glycosidic bond in glycogen is an example) |
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Produce the structure for an amine
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H
C-NH2 H |
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Produce the structure for an amide
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C=O
| NH2 |
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This is the structure for what compound?
C=O | OCH3 Carboxyl Ketone Amide Ester |
Ester
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What functional group do the hormones testosterone and progesterone contain?
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Ketone
Recognizable by C | C=O bond | C |
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How many carbon atoms does the most common fatty acid contain?
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18
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What are the building blocks for DNA and RNA?
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-Sugar
-purine or pyrimidine -phosphate |
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What are the basic function of enzymes in the body?
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Hydrolysis
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What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
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Nucleotides are a nucleoside+phosphate
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What is the structure of a nucleoside?
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Base+Sugar
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Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. What are the basic types of amino acids rings used in nucleotides?
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Purine and pyrimidine
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What is the core structural difference between purine and pyrimidine?
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Purines have two rings, pyrimidine has 1 ring
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Name two purine compounds
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Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) (think of GAPur) Guanine, Adenine, Purines |
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Name three pyrimidine compounds
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Cytosine (C)
thymine (T) Uracil (U) Think of CUT (Cysteine, Uracil, Thymine) |
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What type of bonds are found in carbohydrates?
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Glycosidic bonds
Ether bonds |
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Peptide bonds and amide bonds are found in what food types?
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Proteins & amino acids
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What food types contain ester bonds?
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Triglycerides
Fatty acids Glycerol |
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Nucleotides and nucleic acids contain what type of chemical bond?
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Phosphodiester bonds
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Which fatty acid is most polar?
2 carbon 4 carbons 10 carbons 16 carbons 20 carbons |
2 carbons (smaller is most polar and interacts with water most readily)
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Which fatty acid is most hydrophobic?
2 carbon 4 carbons 10 carbons 16 carbons 20 carbons |
Largest is most hydrophobic.
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Define amphipathic
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Polar part / non-polar part of molecule
(Hydrophilic part / hydrophobic part) |
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What distinct molecular group does a fatty acid contain?
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Carboxyl
(Carboxyl group is the polar end of the fatty acid) O- (or OH) | C=O |
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How would you identify cholesterol?
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4 ring structure + "OH" group
(C27H46O) |
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Characteristics of triglyceride?
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Three fatty acids (ester bonds)
C=O | OCH2 |
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Phospholipid contains?
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Lipid + at least one phosphorus ion
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Glycolipid contains?
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Carbohydrate+Lipid+others
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Cell membrane contains how many layers?
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2
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Proteins on the extracellular layer of the cell membrane are called?
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Peripheral proteins
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Proteins that transect both layers of the cell membrane are known as?
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Integral proteins
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Which type of fatty acid is NOT good for the body?
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Trans
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Kinky unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol have what effect on the cell membrane?
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Increase fluidity and flexibility
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Are trans-unsaturated fatty acids kinky?
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No
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Kinky Cis unsaturated fatty acids are?
Good Bad |
Good
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Glycosidic bond
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Covalent bond (usually oxygen) that joins a sugar with another compound
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Give an example of a glycosidic bond
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Glucose + ethanol
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Why do some compounds come as optical isomers?
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Asymetric carbon atoms, or chiral centers. All 4 bonds are different.
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Compounds that always have chiral centers are:
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Compounds that have 4 different bond angles, i.e.; 4 different compounds attached to one central carbon.
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A peptide bond is formed between which two groups?
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Carboxyl and amine
(water always a byproduct) |
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Identify the following bonds
Peptide Ester Glycosidic Anhydride (high energy) Phosphodiester |
See class notes
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What type of bond enables helical structure formation?
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Hydrogen bond
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Tertiary structure in proteins is stabilized by which type of bond?
Hydrophobic interaction Hydrogen bond Ionic bond Disulfide bond |
Disulfide bond
(insulin example) |
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Study and identify the following
Nucleotide Amino acid Fatty acid Cholesterol Glucose |
See class notes
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Identify bonds
Ester Amide Ether Anhydride Phosphodiester |
See class notes
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Distinguish the class of enzyme that cleave macromolecules
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Peptidase
Lipase Glycosidase Phosphodiesterase |
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What is hydrolysis?
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Breaking covalent bond by addition of water
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DNA is formed through:
Glycosidic bond Hydrogen bond Phosphodiester bond Anhydride bond |
Phosphodiester
Referred to as 5'->3' |
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Name the two ends of a protein
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Carboxyl end
Amino end |
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Distinguish bonds
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Weak (hydrogen)
Strong (covalent) Neither |
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Weak bonds become strong between large molecules by what method?
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Many weak bonds (hydrogen) create strong bonds between large molecules
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Why is water a great solvent?
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Acts as both a proton donor and acceptor (acid and a base)
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What is the bond in acetylcholine?
Ether Hydrogen Disulfide Ester |
Ester
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