Organic And Biochemistry Review

Front 1

these 92 naturally occuring substances make up all matter on earth

Back 1

elements

Front 2

the smallest quantity of an element that still exhibits the characteristics of that element

Back 2

atom

Front 3

the negatively charged particles that make up atoms and surround its nucleus

Back 3

electrons

Front 4

the positively charged particles that are located within the nucleus of an atom

Back 4

protons

Front 5

the neutral charged particles that are located in the nucleus of an atom

Back 5

neutrons

Front 6

an atom that contains a larger or smaller number of neutrons than usual

Back 6

isotope

Front 7

an atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron and consequently has a negative or positive charge

Back 7

ion

Front 8

bonds formed through the more or less equal sharing of electrons between atoms

Back 8

covalent bonds

Front 9

covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally

Back 9

nonpolar covalent bond

Front 10

a covalent bond in which one atom pulls the shared electrons toward itself more

Back 10

polar bond

Front 11

this type of bond occurs when one atom pulls the shared electrons away from the other atom entirely

Back 11

ionic bond

Front 12

a weak bond between hydrogen and a set of other elements, including oxygen

Back 12

hydrogen bonds

Front 13

the process by which atoms give their electrons up instead of sharing them

Back 13

disassociation

Front 14

solutions high in hydrogen ions

Back 14

acids

Front 15

solutions high in hydroxide ions

Back 15

bases

Front 16

solutions that resist changes in pH even when acids or bases are added

Back 16

buffers

Front 17

each of the repeating units that make up a polymer

Back 17

monomer

Front 18

a large molecule consisting of the same or similar units attached in a series, forming a chain

Back 18

polymer

Front 19

a common biochemical rxn in which a new compound is formed by the joining of 2 compounds to release water;occurs in the synthesis of polysaccharides and polypeptides;the reverse of hydrolysis

Back 19

dehydration synthesis

Front 20

a common biochemical rxn in which the bond b/w 2 molecules is split by the addition of a water molecule;process that breaks down polymers and dimers;reverse of dehydration synthesis

Back 20

hydrolysis

Front 21

compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 1:2:1;often sugars which provide energy for cellular processes;names most often end in "ose"

Back 21

carbohydrates

Front 22

carbohydrate monomers

Back 22

monosaccharides

Front 23

the sugar most often found in fruits; a monosaccharide

Back 23

fructose

Front 24

a sugar used as the major source of energy for cellular activities; a monosaccharide

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glucose

Front 25

carbohydrate dimers

Back 25

disaccharides

Front 26

carbohydrate polymers

Back 26

polysaccharides

Front 27

the form that polysaccharides take in plants

Back 27

starch

Front 28

the form that polysaccharides take in animals

Back 28

glycogen

Front 29

make up more than half of the organic compounds in cells;play an important function in almost every cellular process

Back 29

proteins

Front 30

biological catalysts made from proteins

Back 30

enzymes

Front 31

a protein monomer

Back 31

amino acids

Front 32

the bond between amino acids in a protein; formed by dehydration synthesis

Back 32

peptide bond

Front 33

the specific sequence of amino acids that make up every protein

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primary structure

Front 34

carbon compounds that do not dissolve in water

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lipids

Front 35

consist of 3 long hydrocarbon chains

Back 35

triglycerides

Front 36

these fats have no double bonds;make up most animal fats;are solid at room temperature

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saturated fats

Front 37

fats that contain one or more double bonds;make up most plant fats;liquid at room temperature

Back 37

unsaturated fats

Front 38

primary structure in hormones that play important signaling roles in the body

Back 38

steroids

Front 39

the monomer of nucleic acid

Back 39

nucleotides

Front 40

What do nucleotides consist of?

Back 40

a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Front 41

What are the bases of DNA?

Back 41

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

Front 42

What are the bases of RNA?

Back 42

adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

Front 43

What is the structure of DNA?

Back 43

a double helix (looks like a twisted ladder)

Front 44

Name the pairs of nitrogenous bases.

Back 44

cytosine with guanine (DNA and RNA)
adenine with thymine (DNA only)
adenine with uracil (RNA only)

Front 45

What is the structure of RNA?

Back 45

single helix

Front 46

What is the function of DNA?

Back 46

it stores genetic material and passes it from generation to generation

Front 47

What is the function of RNA?

Back 47

carries messages from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Front 48

What is the main function of proteins?

Back 48

Structure, signaling, catalysis

Front 49

a protein polymer

Back 49

polypeptide, protein

Front 50

What is the function of lipids?

Back 50

energy storage, signaling, membrane constituents

Front 51

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Back 51

storing genetic material

Front 52

nucleic acid monomer

Back 52

nucleotide

Front 53

nucleic acid polymer

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RNA, DNA

Front 54

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Back 54

energy source, energy storage, structural

Front 55

What is the starting material that will undergo chemical change in a chemical rxn facilitated by an enzyme?

Back 55

substrate

Front 56

What is the one-to-one correspondence between enzyme and substrate?

Back 56

specificity

Front 57

What is the part of an enzyme that interacts with, or binds to, a substrate?

Back 57

active site

Front 58

What are molecules that prevent enzymes from functioning properly?

Back 58

inhibitors

Front 59

What is a compound that regulates activity by binding to an enzyme to tell it when to catalyze a rxn?

Back 59

coenzyme