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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the formula for a saturated hydrocarbon?
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2n+2 hydrogens, where n is the number of carbons
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What is the formula for degree of unsaturation?
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((2n+2)-x) / 2, where n is the number of carbons, and x is the number of hydrogens or halogens.
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What is homolytic bond cleavage?
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one electron goes to each atom.
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What is the anti conformation?
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The two largest groups are 180 degrees apart. This is the most stable conformation.
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What is the gauche conformation?
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The two largest groups are 60 degrees apart.
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What are conformational isomers?
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compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same atomic connectivity, but which differ by rotation about a single bond.
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Is a dashed or wedged line pointing away from you?
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dashed.
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What are enantiomers?
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Two stereoisomers that are opposite at every chiral center. "non-superimposable mirror images."
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For a molecule with multiple stereocenters, what is the number of possible stereoisomers?
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2^n where n is the number of chiral centers.
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What is an anomer?
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epimers that form as a result of ring closure.
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What is a meso compound?
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A molecule that contains chiral enters and an internal plane of symmetry.
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What is a geometric isomer?
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cis/trans- E/z "Diastereomers that differ in orientation of substituents around a ring or double bond"
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How does branching affect a Hydrocarbon?
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Increased branching lowers both melting point and boingly point. It inhibits can der Waals forces by reducing surface area available for intermolecular interaction.
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What raises melting and boiling points?
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Increased intermolecular forces.
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How does molecular weight influence a hydrocarbon?
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Increased molecular weight increases melting point and boiling point. A greater molecular weight, gives more surface area and interaction.
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What increases hydrocarbon solubility in water?
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Smaller hydrocarbons are more soluble.
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What is an olefin?
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an alkene
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Whats an ether?
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R-O-R
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Whats an Epoxide/oxirane
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triangle O compound
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Whats a hemiacetal?
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R-C(OH)(OR)-R
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Whats an acetal?
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R-C(OR)(OR')- R
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Whats an amine?
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NR3
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What an imine?
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R2C--NH
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Whats an acid halide?
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RCOX
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Whats the reactivity of an SN2?
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CH3> primary> secondary >> tertiary (because of steric hindrance)
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What is the stereochemistry of an SN2?
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Complete stereochemical inversion
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What is the solvent of an SN2?
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Polar, aprotic
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Are rearrangements possible in an SN2 reaction?
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No.
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How many steps are involved in an SN2 reaction?
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1
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What is the reactivity of an SN1 reaction?
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tertiary > secondary >> primary
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What happens to stereochemistry in an SN1 reaction?
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racemization
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What solvent is preferred in an SN1 reaction?
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protic
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Are rearangements possible in an SN1 reaction?
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Yes, to form the most stable carbocation
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Are ethers acids or bases?
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Lewis bases, unreactive in the absence of strong acids.
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Are alcohols basic or acidic?
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They are weakly acidic.
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What are common oxidizing agents? (will make carbonyl groups from alcohols?)
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H2CrO4, CrO4(2-), Cr2O7 (2-), MnO4-, CrO3, PCC
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What is reactive in a carbonyl compound?
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The a hydrogen is acidic and the carbonyl carbon is electrophilic, making it suspeptable to nucleophilic attacks.
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How are enolate ions formed?
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Abraction of the a hydrogen in a carbonyl compound (by say OH or OR) leads to resonance and makes the molecule nucleophilic.
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