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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the formula for a saturated hydrocarbon?
2n+2 hydrogens, where n is the number of carbons
What is the formula for degree of unsaturation?
((2n+2)-x) / 2, where n is the number of carbons, and x is the number of hydrogens or halogens.
What is homolytic bond cleavage?
one electron goes to each atom.
What is the anti conformation?
The two largest groups are 180 degrees apart. This is the most stable conformation.
What is the gauche conformation?
The two largest groups are 60 degrees apart.
What are conformational isomers?
compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same atomic connectivity, but which differ by rotation about a single bond.
Is a dashed or wedged line pointing away from you?
dashed.
What are enantiomers?
Two stereoisomers that are opposite at every chiral center. "non-superimposable mirror images."
For a molecule with multiple stereocenters, what is the number of possible stereoisomers?
2^n where n is the number of chiral centers.
What is an anomer?
epimers that form as a result of ring closure.
What is a meso compound?
A molecule that contains chiral enters and an internal plane of symmetry.
What is a geometric isomer?
cis/trans- E/z "Diastereomers that differ in orientation of substituents around a ring or double bond"
How does branching affect a Hydrocarbon?
Increased branching lowers both melting point and boingly point. It inhibits can der Waals forces by reducing surface area available for intermolecular interaction.
What raises melting and boiling points?
Increased intermolecular forces.
How does molecular weight influence a hydrocarbon?
Increased molecular weight increases melting point and boiling point. A greater molecular weight, gives more surface area and interaction.
What increases hydrocarbon solubility in water?
Smaller hydrocarbons are more soluble.
What is an olefin?
an alkene
Whats an ether?
R-O-R
Whats an Epoxide/oxirane
triangle O compound
Whats a hemiacetal?
R-C(OH)(OR)-R
Whats an acetal?
R-C(OR)(OR')- R
Whats an amine?
NR3
What an imine?
R2C--NH
Whats an acid halide?
RCOX
Whats the reactivity of an SN2?
CH3> primary> secondary >> tertiary (because of steric hindrance)
What is the stereochemistry of an SN2?
Complete stereochemical inversion
What is the solvent of an SN2?
Polar, aprotic
Are rearrangements possible in an SN2 reaction?
No.
How many steps are involved in an SN2 reaction?
1
What is the reactivity of an SN1 reaction?
tertiary > secondary >> primary
What happens to stereochemistry in an SN1 reaction?
racemization
What solvent is preferred in an SN1 reaction?
protic
Are rearangements possible in an SN1 reaction?
Yes, to form the most stable carbocation
Are ethers acids or bases?
Lewis bases, unreactive in the absence of strong acids.
Are alcohols basic or acidic?
They are weakly acidic.
What are common oxidizing agents? (will make carbonyl groups from alcohols?)
H2CrO4, CrO4(2-), Cr2O7 (2-), MnO4-, CrO3, PCC
What is reactive in a carbonyl compound?
The a hydrogen is acidic and the carbonyl carbon is electrophilic, making it suspeptable to nucleophilic attacks.
How are enolate ions formed?
Abraction of the a hydrogen in a carbonyl compound (by say OH or OR) leads to resonance and makes the molecule nucleophilic.