Organ Systems Test 3-Cerebellum

Front 1

what are the 3 major lobes of the cerebellum anterior to posterior?

Back 1

anterior lobe
posterior lobe
flocculonodular lobe

Front 2

what are the three layers of the cerebellum and corresponding cells?

Back 2

afferents stimulate granule cells whose axons split and synapse onto dendrites of purkinje cells
purkinje cells send information to deep nuclei in cerebellar white matter
interneurons (basket & golgi cells) generate programs to transform sensory patterns into motor coordinate systems

Front 3

where do purkinje cells receive tactile and proprioreceptive input from?

Back 3

spinocerebellar tracts & inferior olive

Front 4

where to purkinje cells project to?
where do those project to?

Back 4

deep cerebellar nuclei
thalamus-cortex (fastigial, interposed, dentate)

Front 5

what are 3 cerebellar funcitons?

Back 5

motor
executive cognitive
somato-visceral

Front 6

how are motor functions of the cerebellum determined?

Back 6

by the different medial to lateral longitudeinal cortical regions

Front 7

where does each longitudinal zone of the cerebellum project to?
vestibulocerebellum?
spinocerebellum?
cerebrocerebellum?

Back 7

vestinular nuclei
fastigial & interposed nuclei
dentate nuclei

Front 8

where does the vestibulocerebellum interconnect with?

Back 8

vestibular and oculomotor nuclei to regulate head movement and eye-head coordination

Front 9

what is vestibulo-ocular reflex enhanced by?

Back 9

vestibulo-cerebellum

Front 10

where does the spinocerebellum receive input from?

Back 10

spinal cord and cerebral cortex (via pontine nuclei)

Front 11

what does spinocerebellum do?

Back 11

provides feedback control of ongoing movements. compares inputs from spinal cord and motor cortex to detect disparities between internal and external representations of world.

Front 12

what does the cerebellar cortex base its predictions on?

Back 12

comparison of motor cortex programs with sensory input

Front 13

how does the cerebellar adapt motor programs to changes in the environmental conditions?

Back 13

produces predictive patterns of sensory states

Front 14

where are corrected motor programs that predict the future body state sent?

Back 14

to motor cortex

Front 15

where do cerebella hemisphere project to? which projects to?

Back 15

dentate nuclei to thalamus-cortex

Front 16

how does the cerebro-cerebellum designed to initiate voluntary movement?

Back 16

by projecting anticipatory information to the motor cortex (feed forward control)

Front 17

what does the cerebro-cerebellum plan and program?

Back 17

voluntary, learned and skillful movements

Front 18

what does continued communication between the cerebellum and motor cortex enable?

Back 18

movements to become more rapid, precise, and automatic with practice

Front 19

what do learned motor patterns of the lateral cerebrocerebellum hemispheres enable?

Back 19

predict speed, force, and direction of a limb prior to movement execution

Front 20

what is dysmetria?

Back 20

inability to control range of movement. placement falls short of or extends beyond the initial goal, as in the use of finger to nose test

Front 21

what is decomposition of movement?

Back 21

inability to correctly sequence fine, coordinated acts

Front 22

what is ataxia?

Back 22

lack of smoothly coordinated movements. it is the combined result of dysmetria and decomposition of movements. movements are imprecise, halting, awkward, and clumsy.

Front 23

what is dysarthria?

Back 23

inability to articulate words correctly, with slurring and inappropriate phrasing

Front 24

what is dysdiadochokinesia?

Back 24

inability to perform rapid alternating movements

Front 25

what is hypotonia?

Back 25

decreased muscle tone

Front 26

what is nystagmus?

Back 26

involuntary, rapid oscillation of the eyeballs in a horizontal, vertical, or rotary direction

Front 27

what is scanning (measured) speech?

Back 27

slow enunciation with a tendency to hesitate at the beginning of a word or syllable. it is ataxia of speech. articulation is uneven, words are slurred, and variations in pitch and loudness occur. rhythm changes are prominent.

Front 28

what is a tremor?

Back 28

rhythmic, alternating, oscillatory movement of a limb as it approaches a target (intention tremor) or of proximal musculature when fixed posture or weight bearing is attempted (postural tremor)

Front 29

what does a DUI test?

Back 29

dysmetria and ataxia

Front 30

what does the posterior part of the cerebellum do?

Back 30

lateral hemisphere and vermis are involved in cognitive regulation

Front 31

what does the cerebellum subserve?

Back 31

timing processes and temporal regulation of cognitive processes, including dampening of oscillations and smoothing out performance

Front 32

what parts of the cerebellum does dyslexia affect?

Back 32

right cerebellar vermis, caudate, and putamin

Front 33

what are the 4 feature of cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome? definitions?

Back 33

executive- disturbances lead to impaired strategy formation, working memory, deficient planning, set shifting, abstract reasoning, and decreased verbal fluency

spatial- impaired spatial cognition

affective- personality change, flattening or blunting of affect, inappropriate behavior (pathological laughing or crying)

linguistic difficulties- dysprosodia, agrammatism, anomia

Front 34

what are the somato-visceral functions of the cerebellum?

Back 34

cerebellar cortex project to brain stem and hypothalamus to regulate various visceral systems

cerebellum coordinates motor, behavioral+visceral responses

GI (gastric and intestinal motility, feeding regulation)

cardiovascular (heart rate and BP, baroreflex)

respiration

micturition

immune functions

Front 35

what can vermis dysfunctions lead to?

Back 35

bradycardia, respiratory alkalosis, and hyperventilation associated with gait ataxia