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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Heart PRIMORDIUM is the most CRANIAL STRUCTURE in the 3 week embryo (18-19 day) called?
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Cardiogenic Area or Cardiac crescent
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CRANIAL-CAUDAL FOLDING brings the heart into position in future?
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thoracic region
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Buccophyrengial Membrane
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Future Oral Cavity – Mouth
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Cloacal Membrane
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Future Anal Opening
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LATERAL BODY WALL FOLDING
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Bring 2 heart tubes together and they fuse into a single straight Heart Tube
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Intra-embryonic coelom will become?
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the pericaridal, pleural and peritoneal cavities
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Pericardium
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Encloses heart and roots of great vessel and with a Double-walled fibroserous sac
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Fibrous Pericardium:
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strong external layer with an internal serous-layered sac
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Serous Pericardium:
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Tightly adhered to the heart and becomes part of the Epicardium.
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Pericardium has how many serous and how many fibrous layers?
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2 serous layers and 1 fibrous
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Describe the serous layers.
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1 serous- visceral pericardium- tightly attached to heart and1 serous- tightly attached to fibrous pericardium and is the parietal pericardium
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The Serous layer is lined by?
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mesothelium that secretes serous fluid = lubricant
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The bulbus cordis is divided into?
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the truncus arteriosus and conus cordis, and trabeculated part of the right ventricle.
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In what order does the AV canal the atria and the ventricles get partitioned?
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this occurs almost simultaneously
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How is the atrioventricular canal partitioned?
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by superior and inferior Endocardial cushions (mesenchymal growth proliferation) come together and fuse giving a right and left atrioventricular canal
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Endocardial cushions (mesenchymal growth proliferation) separate the?
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Atrioventricular Canals allowing separation into R and Left atrioventricular canals.
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Partitioning of the artia is extremely important why?
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the lungs won’t develop properly if it receives too much blood so a shunting system is necessary.
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Partitioning of the AV canal occurs at what time?
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4th – 5th weeks
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Atrioventricular canal
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Endocardial cushions in dorsal and ventral walls divide canal
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Septum Primum
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Forms and perforates (into foramen secundum) before full closure - to preserve embryonic blood flow patterns
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Septum Secundum Grows over?
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Foramen Secundum
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Fetal flow in right atrium results in some of the landmarks
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eg ridges.
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What happens first during the separation of the vesicles?
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median muscular ridge develops first and the membraneous part of septum close Interventricular foramen.
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Interventricular foramen is closed by?
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The right and left bulbar ridges (conus cushions) and endocardial cushions
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Septum secundum creates?
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foramen ovale which allows the shunting of blood.
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Higher flow and pressure on the left side of the heart causes the closure of?
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foramen ovale
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Sinus venosus/venarum later becomes?
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the Right atrium
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What dictates the structure of the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
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Flow of blood dictates the structure causing this spiral septum forming into the aorta and pulmonary trunk – conotruncal septa partitions it.
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What partitions the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
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conotruncal septa
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Where do most defects of the heart take place?
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Membraneous interventricular septum portion is where most of the defects take place
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Cardiac Skeleton
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Dense, fibrous, connective tissue with Anulus fibrosus 4 rings surrounding orifices
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What are the Functions of the cardiac skeleton?
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Maintains integrity of opening - Provides attachment for cusps - Separates atria from ventricular musculature - Electrically isolates atria from ventricles.
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Cardiac skeleton
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include Annulae fibrosae - Fibrous trigone - Septum membranaceum - Electrically isolate atria from ventricles - Origin of valves - Muscle attachment
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Chorda tendinae allows for?
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blood flow to be uni-directional and allow for no backflow.
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With the Tricuspid valve Each leaflet shares?
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chordae tendineae
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How many papillary muscles per leaflet?
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two papillary muscles
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Bulk of the flow of diastole is through?
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gravity actually
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What do you Need the chorda tendineae for?
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to prevent backflow
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Aortic valve with only two leaflets is?
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a defect instead of 3 leaflets. However if you lose 1 papillary muscle you don’t have complete loss of that valve function.
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All valves form from?
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mesenchyme from the Endocardial surface of the developing heart
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AV valves form from?
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the condensation of mesenchyme
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Semilunar Valve Formation.
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Come from condensations of mesenchyme. Swellings of mesenchyme give rise to the valves which cavitates and creates these dense valve leaflets and the direction of the leaflets is actually dictated by the blood flow direction.
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Vitelline system/vein becomes?
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the portal system
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Cardinal veins become?
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the caval system
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Umbilical system involutes after?
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birth (curls up)
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In the transition of neonatal circulation what closes the ductus venosus?
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The sphincter in the ductus venosus constricts
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In the transition of neonatal circulation what closes foramen ovale?
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increased pressure in the left atrium
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In the transition of neonatal circulation ductus arteriosus ______________. And umbilical arteries also _______________
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constricts and constrict.
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What are the adult derivative for Umbilical vein?
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ligamentum teres
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What are the adult derivative for ductus venosus?
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ligamentum venosum
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What are the adult derivative for foramen ovale
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fossa ovale
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What are the adult derivative for ductus arteriosus?
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ligamentum arteriosus
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What are the adult derivative for umbilical arteries?
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medial umbilical ligaments and superior vesical arteries
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ASDs (atrial septal defects) occur more frequently in males or females?
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females
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Is a not fully sealed oval foramen is clinically significant?
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No. It is called probe patent and it is present in up to 25% of people
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T/F Both Atrial septal and Ventricular septal defects are common together.
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True.
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T/F In one septal defect there is a there is usually a Failure of Septum Primum fusion with cushions.
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True
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Are Ventricular defect a common congenital hear defect? And who does it affect most?
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Most common congenital heart defect. Most frequently in males and young men. Usually membranous part of septum. Many close spontaneously.
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What is tetralogy of fallot?
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Big VS defect. Primary cause – pulmonary trunk is disproportionally divided or pulmonary stenousus (smaller) causing the Right ventricle to work harder and pumping against a higher pressure gradient. Causes right ventricular hypertrophy. Causes Pulmonary Stenosis and Overriding Aorta.
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Aortic valve stenosis
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Edges of valve are fused and there is Hypertrophy of left ventricle and have Heart murmurs.
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Aortic atresia is?
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Complete obstruction of aorta
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Patent ductus arteriosus? And who is it found most frequent in?
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More frequent in females. It is associated with maternal rubella (measles) and in premature infants and in Infants born at high altitude.
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Neural Crest Derived cells contribute to the normal formation of the outflow tract of?
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the Developing Heart and many other structures. For this to take place what has to happen to the the cells moving has integrin to bind to extra cellular matrix tracts using Actin and myosin.
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Where does gas exchange between tissues and blood (O2 and CO2) occur?
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Capillaries. Extremely small vessels—can’t see with naked eye. Very thin walled…endothelium and basal lamina.
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What connects arterial system with venous system?
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capillaries. They make the circulatory system a closed system
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the circulatory system is a closed system lined by?
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endothelium
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capillary beds may be bypassed by?
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specialized vessels in some areas of the body
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Capillaries are Very thin walled and have?
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endothelium and basal lamina
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What connects arterial system with venous system?
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capillaries. They make the circulatory system a closed system
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What is the most numerous of the blood vessels?
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capillaries Very small lumen (8-12 mm) thin wall and responsible for O2/CO2 exchange (important to know because this is how RBCs line up for gas exchange.)
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Capillary lumenal surface is?
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smooth but there may be a small flap at the junction of cells.
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Capillaries have a type of occluding junction that is present but it has NO _____________ or ________________ between adjoining cells.
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zonulae adhaerens or desmosomes between adjoining cells. Don’t want certain things to get out or get in.
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Some capillaries are continuous found in?
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muscles nerves and some CT regions - are responsible for blood-brain barrier
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capillaries may have pores or fenestrations and the pores may have a?
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diaphragm
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there are fenestrated capillaries in the?
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pancreas intestine kidney cortex and endocrine glands
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fenestrated capillaries of the renal glomerulus do not have pore diaphragms but have thick?
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basal lamina
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Some capillaries have pericytes. Pericytes have a link to?
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regeneration stem cells for capillaries
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Fenestrated capillaries
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(are found in places you need to get in and get out. So the stuff you are absorbing can get in.)
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Fenestrated capillary endothelial cells have circular pores or fenestrations in their peripheral regions. What else do fenestrated capillaries have?
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diameter of pore 60-70 nm. Has pores and may be closed by a pore diaphragm
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fenestrated capillaries are found in the?
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pancreas intestine kidney cortex endocrine glands. Sinusoids are a subset located in liver bone marrow,spleen where fenestrations are larger.
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What are Continuous capillaries?
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There are no breaks and no physical pores so that’s what continuous means.
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Where are continuous capillaries found?
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in muscles nerves various CT regions
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What kind of capillary in brain is responsible for blood-brain barrier?
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continuous capillary??
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What type of capillary has a much thinner wall?
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fenestrated
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A sinusoid capillary has?
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Has really large opens and not much restriction for a cell to get out.
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Where do WBCs function?
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in the CT and not in the blood.
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Diapedesis
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ability of white cell to move from blood to CT
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Pericytes
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Cells in vessel wall found immediately peripheral to endothelium. There are gap junctions that occur between pericytes and endothelial cells
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Pericytes have primary long longitudinal process and secondary?
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short process at right angle to primary. They share the endothelial cell’s basement membrane and may be progenitor cells or stem cell population. They have slight contractile function and generally only found in walls of capillaries or small post-capillary venules.
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What are the three layers of blood vessel walls?
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1. Tunica Intima 2. Tunica Media 3. Tunica adventitia (tunica externa).
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What has the following description: Endothelium with Basement Membrane and Sub-endothelial connective tissue layer with Inner elastic membrane.
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Tunica Intima.
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What has the following description: made of Smooth muscle (contracts to change the diameter) and elastic fibers (needs to be able to stretch) and an Outer elastic membrane.
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Tunica Media.
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What has the following description: Areolar connective tissue and has Vasa vasorum – it keeps the wall of the bigger vessels alive (a vessel within the vessel) And a Nervi vasorum (nerve supply the nerves of the vessel)
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Tunica Adventitia (Tunica Externa)
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The Tunica media is the predominant layer in?
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Arteries.
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The Tunica Adventitia is the predominant layer in?
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Veins
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Artery smaller lumen and?
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thicker wall.
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Vein bigger lumen and?
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thinner wall.
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Arteries and veins tend to be companions as you go?
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up the system – they are found together.
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Do arteries show scalloped elastic lamina?
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yes. The fenestrated membranes have elastic sheets that are not complete. They have holes so that other cellular processes can come in.
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What does the vena cava allow for?
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distention in veins.
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Where the pressure is high and speed is high in vessels you have lots of?
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elastic tissue.
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Lots of muscles are found in arterioles needing?
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contraction force
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