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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genital ridges
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Develops from mesoderm
Forms medial to kidneys Consists of dense cortex and medullary cords Later becomes testes in males and ovaries in females |
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Metanephros
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Becomes kidneys
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Mesonephric duct
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Becomes Vas Deferens in males
Disappears in females |
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Paramesonephric duct
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Becomes Fallopian Tubes and Uterus in females
Disappears in males |
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Gonocytes
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Cells from endoderm of yolk sac
Seed into genital ridges to form Indifferent gonad |
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Indifferent Gonad
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In males, medullary cords becomes testes
In females, dense cortex becomes ovary |
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SRY gene
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Found on Y chromosome
Turns on production of testosterone Causes cortex of Indifferent gonad to die and medulla and cords to develop into Testes and Seminiferous Tubules |
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Testicular Descent
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Migration of testes because growth of fetus causes testes to be pulled down
Completed by 2.5-3 years of age |
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Cryptorchidism
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Testes don't descend and get stuck
Leads to sterility because testes remain in warm abdominal cavity |
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Dartos Muscles
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discontinuous layer of smooth muscle that contracts and relaxed to pull testes closer or away from body
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Tunica Vaginalis
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Double walled remnant of Process Vaginalis after descent into scrotum
Outer parietal layer Inner visceral layer Thin fluid space in between |
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Tunica Albuginea
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“true” outer capsule of the testis
remnant of cortex of Indifferent Gonad Consists of dense irregular CT |
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Tunica Vasculosa
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“false” inner capsule of testis
Lots of BV’s loose areolar CT |
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Mediastinum Testis
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posterior thickening of the capsule that contains Rete Testis
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Rete Testis
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coiled network of tubules inside Mediastinum Testis
Leads into the Efferent Ducts of the Epididymis head (caput) |
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seminiferous tubules
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Within subdivisions of Testis
exocrine portion that produces the sperm highly convoluted Contains CT cells that are like modified fibroblasts and Sertoli cells to mature sperm site of spermatogenesis |
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Leydig Cells
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Within subdivisions of Testis
endocrine portion that produces both testosterone & estradiol Eosinophilic, pink, spongy, w/ serous granules containing enzyme that converts testosterone to active 5-DHT |
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Lobuli Testis
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Subdivisions of Testin
interstitial areolar CT Consists of seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells and capillaries |
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Which cell produces testosterone
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Leydig Cells
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What is the site of spermatogenesis
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Seminiferous Tubules
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Sertoli Cells
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Cells of Seminiferous Tubules
Has Apical CIsterm where sustentacular cell - Spermatids go to mature and get nourishment phagocyte = eats up the Residual Bodies activates the next cycle of spermatogenesis produces fluid of seminiferous tubule produces Androgen Binding Protein to concentrate 5-DHT onto developing sperm |
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Androgen Binding Protein
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Produced by Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubule
binds and concentrates 5-DHT onto the surface of developing sperm |
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Tubuli Recti
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tubules where seminiferous tubules end and straighten out at the Mediastinum
lined by simple columnar epithelium & other Sertoli-like cells sperm cells are now in the lumen (not walls) |
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Rete Testis
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network ducts buried within the Mediastinum’s dense irregular CT
only duct that is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium only duct that has no smooth muscle or lamina propria |
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What is the only duct in male repro that is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
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Rete Testis
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What is the only duct that has NO smooth muscle or lamina propria
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Rete Testis
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Efferent Ducts
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In head of Epididyis
star-shaped lumen created by tall and short cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium tall cells have cilia to move sperm short cells have a stereocilia brush border to help feed the sperm |
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Ductus Epididymis
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body portion of the Epididymis (caput)
star-shaped lumen lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ non-motile stereocilia secretes lactose to nourish the sperm job is long-term storage of sperm cells for maturation |
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Where is there long-term storage of sperm cells for maturation
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ONLY in the Epididymis body (corpus)
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Vas Deferens
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star-shaped lumen lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ non-motile stereocilia
highly vascularized walls w/ 3 layers of smooth muscle (inner and outer longitudinal, middle thick circular) Allows for forceful ejaculation |
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Ampulla
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short-term storage of semen immediately prior to ejaculation
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Where is short-term storage of semen
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Ampulla
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Ejaculatory Duct
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Vas Deferens joins the duct of the Seminal Vesicle gland
pseudostratified columnar epithelium Divides prostrate Continues into urethra |
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Urethra
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Three parts
Prostatic - bladder to prostrate Membranous - prostrate to base of penis Cavernous - entire length of penis |
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Prostatic Urethra
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Runs from the bladder to the Prostate Gland
transitional epithelium near the bladder rest of it is pseudostratifed columnar epithelium |
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Membranous Urethra
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from the Prostate Gland to base of penis
stratified columnar epithelium Straited muscle found at urethral sphincter Rest is smooth muscle |
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Cavernous Urethra
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length of the penis
Only part that is similar to female stratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells urogenital orifice is lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Corpora Cavernosa
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bigger upper 2 erectile sinuses of penis
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Corpora Spongiosa
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smaller bottom erectile sinus of penis that contains most of the urethra
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Prostate Gland
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contributes 70% of the fluid in semen
secretions are high in mucoid carbohydrates |
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What contributes 70% of the fluid in semen
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Prostate Gland
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Seminal Vesicles
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NO storage capacity
secretory gland that contributes 20% of the fluid in semen secretions are high in lactate to feed the sperm |
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Cowper’s Bulbourethreal Glands
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contributes to only 2% of the fluid in semen
secretions function to temporarily coagulate semen to keep it inside the acidic vagina Secretions re-liquifies when exposed to neutral pH cervic |
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What makes a secretion that function to temporarily coagulate semen to keep it inside the vagina
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Cowper’s Bulbourethreal Glands
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SPERMATOGENESIS
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1. Spermatocytogenesis
2. Meiosis 3. Spermiogenesis 4. Spermiation 5. Biochemical Maturation |
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Spermatocytogenesis
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First step
Spermatogonia divide by mitosis Makes Type A and Type B Spermatogonia Type B divides into Primary Spermatocytes stuck together by cytoplasmic bridge |
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Phase II of Spermatogenesis
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Primary spermatocyte under two rounds of Meiosis
1st round: 4 secondary spermatocytes 2nd round: 8 Spermatids stuck together by cytoplasmic bridge |
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Spermiogenesis
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Phase III of Sperm formation
Physical maturity of sperm Occurs within apical cistern of Sertoli cell Rounds spermatids become oval spermatozonas with tails |
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Spermiation
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Phase IV of Sperm Formation
Spermatozoan's break from cytoplasmic bridges Release of sperm from Apical Cisterm of Sertoli cell into lumen of Seminiferous tubules Bridge residual bodies are engulfed by Sertolic cell Spermatozoans continue to corpus of epididymus for storage |
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Phase V of Spermatogenesis
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Biochemical Maturation
Takes 7 days Occurs in corpus of epididymus Obtain necessary enzymes |
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Capacitation
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Stage VI of Spermatogenesis
pH change in vagina induces sperm to now be able to swim by removing a protein coat Sperm can live in vagina for 3 days |
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Germinal Epithelium
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outer layer of ovarian capsule
simple cuboidal epithelium Protective coat |
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Ovarian Capsule
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Consists of
Germinal Epithelium Tunica Albuginea |
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Zone Vasculosa
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swirly arrangement of CT w/ large BVN’s
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Ovarian Cortex
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swirly arrangement of modified areolar CT w/ small BVN’s
where follicular development occurs contains Primordial Follicles (oogonia) in the fetus contains Primitive Follicles (primary oocytes) in the “adult” from birth to menopause |
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FALLOPIAN TUBE
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MUCOSA
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium w/ secretory cells extensive folds, making the lumen very narrow Lamina Propria = Areolar CT MUSCULARIS EXTERNA Inner circular layer Outer longitudinal layer SEROSA |
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Infundibulum
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funnel-shaped part of fallopian tube near the ovary w/ fimbriae to catch the released egg
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Uterus
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Contains Fundus, Body, Isthmus and Cervix
ENDOMETRIUM mucosa layer Ciliated simple columnar epithelium w/ mucoid glands Lamina Propria = Areolar CT MYOMETRIUM Muscularis Externa PERIMETRIUM Serosa |
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VAGINA
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MUCOSA
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium transverse folds of mucosa lamina propria = dense areolar CT w/ NO glands Erectile tissue MUSCULARIS EXTERNA both circular & longitudinal fibers ADVENTITIA fibrous CT |
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VESTIBULE
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common urogenital part in the female located b/t the labia minor
histologically similar to the vagina Contains Bartholin’s Glands to secrete mucous for lubrication |
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Bartholin’s Glands
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accessory glands located in the wall of the vestibule that secretes mucous for lubrication
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Primordial Follicle
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Oogonia stem cell surrounded by simple squamous follice present from fetus to birth
continually proliferate via mitosis throughout the fetal period |
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Primitive Follicle
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Primary Oocyte surrounded by simple squamous follicle
Primary Oocyte is arrested at G2 checkpoint of Mitosis and remains in tetraploid state |
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Primary Follicle
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Primary Oocyte is surrounded by incomplete layers of simple cuboidal follicle cell
Nerve signals with Norepinephrine causing 4-6 primary follicles to proliferate by mitosis to create secondary follicle |
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Secondary Follicle
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Primary Oocyte is surrounded by complete layers of stratified columnar follicle cell initiated by Norepinephrine
Develops for 52 days Becomes sensitive to FSH produced by Pituitary Causes it to produce estradiol |
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Graafian Follicle
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Primary Oocyte cell surrounded by all the mature components of a Follicle
It becomes sensitive to LH produced by Pituitary It induces follicle to explore and ovulate oocyte |
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Antrum
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big empty space of Graafian Follicle that will later explode at ovulation to release its stored estrogen hormone
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theca interna
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Very vascular portion of Graafian Follicle
produces estradiol when stimulated by FSH |
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corona radiata
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Layer of cuboidal cells that remain attached to the Primary Oocyte at ovulation time
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zona pellucida
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Region where the microvilli of Graafian Follicle cells interdigitate w/ the Primary Oocyte to nourish it
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Ovulation
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At Day 14 of cycle, surge of LH from Pituitary signals Graafian Follicle explode out of ovary and releasing Primary Oocyte into Fallopian Tube
This triggers Oocyte to complete Meiosis I and finish Metaphase of Meiosis II to become Secondary Oocyte Antrum ruptures release estradiol into the blood stream increasing core body temperature Ruptured Graafian Follicle becomes Corpus Hemorrhagicum which becomes Corpus Luteum |
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Fertilization
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Secondary Oocyte takes 5 days to travel to uterus
Fertilization induces Secondary Oocyte to complete Meiosis II Theca Granulosa of Corpus Luteum secretes progesterone Theca Lutean of Corpus Luteum secretes estrogen These maintain thick uterine lining for implantation Embryo attaches |
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What occurs if there is no fertilization
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If there is no fertilization, Corpus Luteum stops producing estrogen and progesterone
This causes menstruation and endometrium sloughs off Corpus Luteum becomes Corpus Albicans (white scar tissue on ovary) |
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What occur when there is implantation of embryo?
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At 10 weeks into pregnancy, Corpus Luteum stops secreting estrogen and progesteron
Fetal placenta makes human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone to maintain uterine lining During last month, corpus luteum secretes Relaxin to expand birth canal |
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Inhibin
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Hormone produced by Sertoli cells in Seminiferous Tubules
It provides negative feedback to pituitary to stop production of FSH, therefore lowers sperm production |
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Menstrual Cycle
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Follicular Phase
Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH Causes ovaries to convert Androgen into Estradiol Estradiol inhibits pituitary Mid-cycle Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH Causes ovaries to convert androgen to estradiol Estradiol now stimulates pituitary Luteal Phase Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH Causes ovaries to convert Androgen into Estradiol Estradiol returns back to inhibiting pituitary back to Follicular Phase |
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Follicular Phase of Menstrual Cycle
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Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH
Causes ovaries to convert Androgen into Estradiol Estradiol inhibits pituitary All hormone levels are low |
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Midcycle of Menstruation
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Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH
Causes ovaries to convert Androgen into Estradiol Estradiol now stimulates pituitary |
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Luteal Phase of Menstrual Cycle
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Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH
Causes ovaries to convert Androgen into Estradiol Estradiol returns to inhibit pituitary High levels of LH maintains Corpus Luteum When LH decreases, Corpus Luteum dies releasing surge of progesterone which quickly diminishes signalling menstruation |
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LH
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Luteinizing hormone
produced by the anterior pituitary gland In females triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum In males stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone |
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FSH
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
Secreted by anterior pituitary gland In females It stimulates the growth of the follicle In males stimulates primary spermatocytes to undergo the first division of meiosis, to form secondary spermatocytes. AND enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells |
