Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Characteristics of Endocrine Tissue
|
all endocrine cells are EPITHELIAL CELLS
glands have NO DUCTS Therefore considered EXOCRINE glands lie in a large VASCULAR BED product is a HORMONE subject to FEEDBACK INHIBITION |
|
|
Types of Hormones
|
modified amino acids
pure polypeptides / proteins glycoproteins steroids |
|
|
modified amino acids Hormones
|
come from cells that have an eosinophilic non-granular cytoplasm
Ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones |
|
|
pure polypeptides / proteins Hormones
|
come from serous cells w/ granular cytoplasm
RER produces the hormone, and then the Golgi packages it into secretory granules |
|
|
glycoproteins Hormones
|
come from serous cells w/ granular cytoplasm
RER produces the hormone, hormone gets glycosylated, and then the Golgi packages it into secretory granules |
|
|
steroids Hormones
|
cells that have large SER and foamy eosinophilic non-granular cytoplasm
|
|
|
Endocrine Factor
|
hormone travels thru the blood circulation
has its effect on a distant target organ |
|
|
paracrine factor
|
hormone spreads thru the CT matrix w/o entering the blood stream
has its effect on a different tissue within vicinity |
|
|
autocrine factor
|
receptors are located on the same gland that secreted the hormone
hormone may be secreted from the bottom of the cell, but the receptors are located at the top of the cell (polarity) |
|
|
Membrane Receptors
|
Acted on by modified AA’s, polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins Hormones
They increase levels of calcium, c-AMP, c-GMP when activated This activates protein kinase Types Ligand-gated Enzymatic G-protein coupled |
|
|
Ligand-gated ion channels
|
Type of Membrane Receptor
ligand (hormone) binds to the membrane receptor Causes Calcium channels to open increasing levels inside Activates protein kinase |
|
|
Enzymatic / Catalytic receptors
|
Type of Membrane Receptor
Extracellular portion binds hormone Intracellular portion is activated and is a Tyrosine Kinase |
|
|
G-protein coupled receptors
|
Type of Membrane Receptor
Three types Gs Gi Gp All cleave GTP but activate/inactivate cAMP or cGMP to activate/inactivate a protein kinase |
|
|
Gs
|
Type of G-protein coupled receptors
Cleaves GTP when stimulated by hormone Activates Adenalyl Cyclase Increases cAMP levels Activates protein kinase |
|
|
What receptor increases cAMP levels when activated
|
Gs-protein coupled receptor
|
|
|
Gi
|
Type of G-protein coupled receptors
Cleaves GTP when stimulated by hormone Inactivates Adenalyl Cyclase Decreases levels of cAMP Causing inactivation of protein kinase |
|
|
What receptor decreases levels of cAMP when activated
|
Gi-protein coupled receptors
|
|
|
Gp
|
Type of G-protein coupled receptors
Cleaves GTP when stimulated by hormone Activates Phospholipase-C Increases levels of cGMP Causing activation of protein kinases |
|
|
What receptor increases levels of cGMP when activated
|
Gp-protein coupled receptors
|
|
|
Cytoplasmic Receptors
|
Found within cell and not membrane-bounded extracellularly
Acted on by thyroid and steroid hormones because they are lipid soluble and can cross cell membrane Stimulation results in activation of protein kinase to induce cascade |
|
|
c-AMP-dependent Kinase
|
Activated when cAMP levels increase
Phosphorylates serine or threonin |
|
|
c-GMP-dependent Kinase
|
Activated when cGMP levels increase
Phosphorylates serine or threonin |
|
|
Ca++/Calmodulin-dependent Kinase
|
Activated when Calcium levels increase
Phosphorylates serine or threonin |
|
|
Protein Kinase C
|
Activated when calcium, DAG or phosphotidylserine levels increase
Phosphorylates serine or threonin |
|
|
Tyrosine Kinase
|
Only kinase that phosphorylates tyrosine residues (not serine or threonine)
|
|
|
Rathke's Pouch
|
Develops into Adenohypophysis of Pituitary gland
Pinches off from external ectoderm Divides into: Pars Tuberalis Pars Distalis Pars Intermedia Residual Lumen |
|
|
Pars Tuberalis
|
Portion of Adenohypophysis of Pituitary that is ectodermally derived from Rathke's Pouch
Wraps at top around Infundibulum |
|
|
Pars Distalis
|
Portion of Adenohypophysis of Pituitary that is ectodermally derived from Rathke's Pouch
Anterior portion that swells |
|
|
Pars Intermedia
|
Portion of Adenohypophysis of Pituitary that is ectodermally derived from Rathke's Pouch
Posterior portion that didn't develop |
|
|
Residual Space
|
Portion of Adenohypophysis of Pituitary that is ectodermally derived from Rathke's Pouch
Residual space created when Hypophysis pinched off |
|
|
Infundibulum
|
Develops into part of hypothalamus that controls hypophysis of Pituitary gland
Pinches off from neural ectoderm Divides into: Neural Stalk Pars Nervosa |
|
|
Neural Stalk
|
Neurohypophysis of Pituitary that is neurally derived from Hypothalamus to form part of Infundibulum
Thin stalk of neural tissue between true hypothalamus and Pars Nervosa that controls Adenohypophysis portion of Pituitary |
|
|
Pars Nervosa
|
Neurohypophysis of Pituitary that is neurally derived from Hypothalamus to form part of Infundibulum
Swollen bulbous end that controls Adenohypophysis portion of Pituitary |
|
|
Interglandular Cleft
|
Portion of pituitary where Pars Intermedia meets Pars Nervosa
|
|
|
Hypertrophy of Pituitary Gland
|
Due to pituitary's close vicinity to Optic Chiasm, hypertrophy puts pressure on it causing visual impairments like tunnel vision
|
|
|
Adenohypophysis
|
Part of Pituitary that is derived from ectodermal tissue called Rathke's Pouch
|
|
|
Neurohypophysis
|
Part of Pituitary that is derived from neural tissue called Infundibulum
|
|
|
What is the only organ in the body where both fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries can be found
|
Pars Distalis of Pituitary gland
|
|
|
Cell Types in Pars Distalis
|
Chromophobes
-Non-staining inactive reserve cells Chromophiles -Staining active serous cells |
|
|
Chromophobes
|
Non-staining inactive reserve cells of Pars Distalis
Comprises 50% of cells Can be activated on deman to become secretory Chemophiles |
|
|
Chromophile
|
Staining active serous cells of Pars Distalis
Produces protein hormones like GH, MSH, ACTH, Prolactin Produces glycoprotein hormones like FSH, LH and Thyrotrophin Types Acidophiles Basophiles |
|
|
Acidophiles
|
Red staining active Chromophile cells of Pars Distalis
Makes up 3/4 of Chromophiles Makes up 37% of Pars Distalis Polyhedral shaped Larger than Chromophobes Smaller than Basophiles Eosinophilic Serous granules located at top of cell Types Mammotroph cells Somatotroph cells |
|
|
Basophiles
|
Blue staining active Chromophile cells of Pars Distalis
Makes up 1/4 of Chromophiles Makes up 13% of Pars Distalis Largest cell of Pars Distalis Irregular/Oval Shape Grouped on outer edges of Pars Distalis Stain with PAS Types Thyrotroph cells Gonadotroph cells Corticotroph cells |
|
|
mammotroph Cell
|
Acidophile of Pars Distalis
Produces Prolactin Large, irregular shaped granules Cytoplasm stains with Erythrosin dye |
|
|
What produces Prolactin
|
mammotroph Cell of Pituitary
|
|
|
Function of Prolactin
|
Produced by Mammotroph Cell
primary function is to induce the breasts to produce milk (not secrete it) mitogenic hormone for ova & sperm responsible for maternal behavior patterns like the instinct to breastfeed |
|
|
Somatotroph Cell
|
Acidophile of Pars Distalis
Produces Somatotropin/ Growth Hormone Granules are smaller and symmetrical Stains with Orange-G dye |
|
|
Function of Somatotrophin
|
AKA Growth Hormone
Produced by Somatotroph Cell Mitogenic hormone for general growth and wound healing Involved in longitudinal growth of long bones due to effect on epiphyseal growth plates |
|
|
What occurs during under production of Growth Hormone
|
Dwarfism
affects mostly the growth of long bones does not affect the flat bones results in a person who has a normal-sized trunk but disproportionately short limbs |
|
|
What occurs during over production of Growth Hormone
|
Gigantism
over-production of GH Gigantism results in the long bones being disproportionately too long, thin & brittle bones of the trunk, pelvis, and head are not affected |
|
|
What occurs if there is a tumor of Somatotroph cell
|
Acromegaly
if this occurs in adulthood after the epiphyseal plates have fused, height is not affected But extra bone deposition occurs in hands, feet, mandible, zygoma, eyebrow ridge, occipital ridge |
|
|
What produces Growth Hormone
|
Somatotroph cells in Pituitary
|
|
|
Thyrotroph Cell
|
Basophile
Produces Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) cells are long & spindle-shaped irregular small purple granules |
|
|
Function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
|
TSH
Produced by Thyrotroph cells in Pituitary induces the production & secretion of thyroid hormones |
|
|
What produces TSH
|
Thyrotroph cells of Pituitary
|
|
|
Gonadotroph cells
|
Basophile
produces FHS & LH round w/ medium blue granules |
|
|
Function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
|
Produced by Gonadotroph cells
in males, hormones must present (with LH) simultaneously for the normal production of testosterone in females, it induces growth of the ovarian follicle |
|
|
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
|
Produced by Gonadotroph cells
in males, hormones must present (with FSH) simultaneously for the normal production of testosterone in females, it induces growth of the ovarian follicle |
|
|
Corticotroph cells
|
Basophile
produce Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone (ACTH) & Melanocte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Has small red granules |
|
|
Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
|
Produced by Corticotroph cells
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its steroid hormones Homology to MSH to overactivity of ACTH causes skin to get darker as well |
|
|
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
|
Produced by Corticotroph cells
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin resulting in darker skin |
|
|
Function of Pars Tuberalis
|
conduit for the interconnecting veins
it guides the veins from the hypothalamus down to the Pars Distalis |
|
|
Function of Pars Intermedia
|
Produces no hormones in humans
But in reptiles, produces MSH equivalent called Intermedin |
|
|
Function of Pars Nervosa
|
grey matter neural tissue consisting of un-myelinated nerve fibers in a parallel arrangement
has large supporting Glial Cells called Pituicytes has Herring Bodies that store hormone from hypothalamus like Oxytocin and ADH |
|
|
Pituicytes
|
large supporting Glial Cells found in Pars Nervosa of Pituitary
|
|
|
Herring Bodies
|
dilated endings of Golgi Type-1 un-myelinated axons
contain storage granules of hormones produced in the hypothalamus like Oxytocin and ADH |
|
|
Oxytocin
|
Produced by Hypothalamus
Stored by Pars Nervosa of Pituitary induces smooth muscle contractions for labor and milk secretion (not production) |
|
|
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
|
AKA Vasopressin
Produced by Hypothalamus Stored by Pars Nervosa of Pituitary Increases blood pressure by Increasing conservation of water and sodium in Collecting Ducts of nephron to decrease urine output |
|
|
Thyroid gland capsule
|
dense irregular fibro-elastic CT
|
|
|
Thyroid gland stroma
|
areolar CT surrounded by fenestrated capillaries
|
|
|
Follicle
|
Basic Functional Unit of Thyroid
Mesodermal Origin Consists of Simple Cuboidal epithelium (becomes columnar when active) Activated by TSH Produce thyroglobulin, proteases, iodinases, and thyroid colloid |
|
|
Thyroglobulin
|
Produced by Follicle cell of Thyroid
Carries protein that binds thryoid hormones until needed |
|
|
Proteases
|
Produced by Follicle cell of Thyroid
Cleaves of Thyroglobulin when thyroid hormone is ready to be secreted |
|
|
Iodinases
|
Produced by Follicle cell of Thyroid
Attaches iodine to Thyroid hormone precursor |
|
|
Where is the entire body's reserve of iodine located
|
In thyroid gland
Requires it to activate thyroid hormone precursors |
|
|
Iodinization of Thyroid Hormones
|
follicle cell picks up Tyrosine from blood
converts it into Thyronin Thyronin gets iodinized to become T1 T1 gets released into Thryoid Colloid T1 binds to Thyroglobulin and gets iodinized 3x Becomes Thyroxine (T4) T4 remains in Colloid till needed Most potent form is T3 |
|
|
What are the concentrations of T3 and T4 the thyroid gland secretes?
|
90% T4 (inactive)
10% T3 (active) |
|
|
T4
|
Thyroxin
Although,not potent form, it controls TSH in feedback loop for negative inhibition Can be de-iodinized to make T3 |
|
|
Addison's Disease
|
autoimmune dz
Body produces antibodies to destroy adrenal cortex therefore no hormones produced No mineralcorticoids causes loss of sodium, water and increase in potassium. Results in dehydration, and irregular cardiac rhythms No glucocorticoids means low blood glucose levels Cortisol cannot provide negative feedback of ACTH Increased production of ACTH causes continued absorption of calcium leading to fragile bones Excessive ACTH also causes darkening of skin due to similarity to MSH |
|
|
Which cells are affected by T4
|
Cells that have enzyme called seleno-protein to remove iodine from T4 and make T3
|
|
|
Parafollicular Cells
|
AKA Clara cell
Other cell of Thyroid Gland Endodermal from ultimobranchial body Secretes Calcitonin in response to high plasma Calcium levels |
|
|
Calcitonin
|
Secreted by Parafollicular Cells of Thyroid in response to high plasma Calcium levels
Inactivates target cell Osteoclasts to inhibit bone resorption Indirectly results in stimulating Osteoblasts to deposit more Calcium in bone to decrease plasma Calcium levels |
|
|
Parathyroid Gland Capsule
|
areolar fibro-elastic CT
|
|
|
Parathyroid Gland Stroma
|
reticular CT
|
|
|
Cell types of Parathyroid Gland
|
Dark Chief Cells
Pale Chief Cells Oxyphil Cells All the same cell, just different phases |
|
|
Dark Chief Cell
|
Active storage cell of Parathryoid Gland
Smaller, darker nucleus Cytoplasmic granules Stores PTH |
|
|
Pale Chief Cell
|
Active producer cell of Parathryoid Gland
Larger, lighter nucleus Secretes PTH No granules because PTH has already been secreted |
|
|
Oxyphil Cell
|
Inactive reserve cell of Parathryoid Gland
Large, round, dark central nucleus Pink, non granular cytoplasm Can be activated on demand |
|
|
Parathyroid Hormone
|
Produced by Parathyroid Gland
Secreted in response to low plasma Calcium levels Inactivates target cell Osteoblasts to inhibit bone deposition Indirectly stimulates Osteoclasts to resorb more Calcium out of bone to increase plasma calcium concentration Stimulates insertion of Calcium pumps into DCT of nephron to increase resorption Hydroxylation of Vit-D to 1,25-dihydroxy Vit-D in kidneys to increase absorption of Calcium from gut |
|
|
Adrenal Gland Capsule
|
dense irregular fibro-elastic CT
|
|
|
Adrenal Cortex
|
Mesodermal Mesenchyme
Stimulated by ACTH Three physiological layers that makes steroids like Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Androgens |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla
|
Neural Crest derived
Consists of Golgi Type II motor ganglia synapsing on Chromaffin cells Produces Catecholamines like Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
|
|
Layers of Adrenal Cortex
|
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasiculta Zona Reticularis |
|
|
Zona Glomerulosa
|
Comprises 10% of Adrenal Cortex
Consists of knots of columnar epithelium w/ fenestrated capillaries Responds to sodium imbalance Produces Mineralcorticoid like Aldosterone Controlled by Angiotensin-2 |
|
|
Mineralcorticoid
|
Steroid hormone produced by Zona Glomerulosa of Adrenal Cortex
Ex: Aldosterone It increases resorption of sodium by promoting synthesis of Sodium/Potassium ATPase pump in cell membrane of Collecting Ducts in nephrons Under the control of Angiotensin-2 not ACTH |
|
|
Zona Fasiculata
|
Comprises 70% of Adrenal Cortex
Consists of parallel cords of tall cuboidal epithelium w/ sinusoidal capillaries Responds to glucose imbalance Produces Glucocorticoids like Cortisone and Cortisol by cells called Spongiocytes Controlled by ACTH |
|
|
Spongiocytes
|
Cells of Zona Fasiculata of Adrenal Cortex
Produces Glucocorticoids in response to glucose imbalance Controlled by ACTH |
|
|
Zona Reticularis
|
Comprises 20% of Adrenal Cortex
Consists of networking cords of low cuboidal epithelium w/ sinusoidal capillaries Produces Sex Androgens like Dehydroepiandrosterone and Androstenedine |
|
|
Adrenal Gland
|
Cortex-Medullary system
Arteries enter cortex Veins leave medulla Encapsulated by dense irregular CT |
|
|
Pineal Gland
|
developed from the epiphysis of the diencephalon
derived from grey matter of the brain consists of big supporting glial cells called Pinealocytes Affected by red-yellow wavelengths of light to change levels of Serotonin and Melatonin in the brain |
|
|
Pinealocytes
|
big supporting glial cells of Pineal gland
involved in a sequential light-dependent enzymatic metabolism of Tryptophan to Serotonin to Melatonin At night, Pinealocytes are always converting serotonin into melatonin, therefore more Melatonin is in brain At day, Pinealocytes are stimulated to inhibit conversion of serotonin to melatonin, therefore more Serotonin is in brain |
|
|
Chronic Elevated levels of Melatonin
|
Occurs during dark winters with shorter days
Males: Less FSH and LH releasing hormones produced by hypothalamus, therefore less FSH and LH secretions by thryoid, causing less testosterone production Ultimately, It decreases sperm production and sex drive Females: Less LH releasing hormone for hypothalamus, therefore less estrogen production causing no ovulation Ultimately there is decreased fertility and sex drive |
|
|
What controls Thyroid Hormone potency
|
Liver
It can convert T4 to T3 to increase hormonal effect OR It can convert T4 to Reverse-T3 to decrease hormonal effect |
|
|
What controls Thyroid Hormone Secretions
|
Hypothalamus
It secretes Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete TSH |
|
|
Goiter
|
Enlargement of thyroid gland
Can appear in both hyper and hypo thyroid cases Need TSH and T4 levels to diagnose |
|
|
Hyperactive Thyroid
|
Too much TSH produced
Causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid gland Causes goiter Characterized by increased metabolism therefore Can't tolerate heat Eat a lot Skinny And exophthalmos (bulging eyes) |
|
|
Hypoactive Thyroid
|
Thyroid gland can stored hormone but it cannot secreted
Causes goiter Characterized by decreased metabolism therefore they can't tolerate cold temperatures |
|
|
T4 Feedback Loop
|
Negative Feedback
T4 inhibits hypothalamus from making TRH, therefore pituitary no longer activated and less T4 created from thyroid AND T4 inhibits Thyrotroph cells of Pituitary from making TSH therefore less T4 secreted from Thyroid |
|
|
Grave's Disease
|
autoimmune dz
immune system produces antibodies that mimic TSH stimulates the thyroid to grow more AND secrete more T4 T4 feeds back and inhibits the pituitary gland to lower secretion of TSH **Goiter **Hyperthyroidism **Low TSH |
|
|
What condition do you have if you have a goiter, hyperthyroidism but low TSH
|
Graves Disease or Thyroid Tumor
Graves: Immune system makes mimic-TSH It stimulates thyroid to grow (goiter) It stimulates thyroid to secrete T4 (therefore hyperthryoidism) T4 feeds back to Pituitary to inhibit production of TSH (low TSH) Tumor: Excessive growth of thryoid (goiter) causes increase production of T4 (hyperthyroidism) which feeds back to pituitary to inhibit production of TSH (low TSH) |
|
|
Thyroid Tumor
|
Leads to excessive T4 production by Thryoid
T4 feeds back to Pituitary to inhibit production of TSH **Goiter **Hyperthyroidism **Low TSH |
|
|
adenoma of the pituitary gland
|
pituitary is unresponsive to negative feedback inhibition
Therefore continued to secrete TSH TSH continues to stimulate thyroid to release T4 **Goiter **Hyperthyroidism **High TSH |
|
|
What condition do you have when you have a goiter, hyperthyroidism and high TSH levels?
|
adenoma of the pituitary gland
Because pituitary is unresponsive to negative feedback, it continues to produce TSH (high TSH) TSH continues to stimulate Thyroid gland (goiter) Thyroid gland secretes T4 (high T4) |
|
|
Cretinism
|
Iodine Deficiency
Thyroid gland cannot secrete T4 without iodine Lack of T4 prevents pituitary and hypothalamus inhibition so you have increased TRH and TSH **Goiter **Hypothyroidism **High TSH |
|
|
What condition do you have when you have a goiter, hypothyroidism, and high TSH levels?
|
Iron deficiency
Lack of iron prevents production of T4 (hypothyroidism) therefore thyroid stores T3 (goiter) Lack of T4 is sensed by hypothalamus which secretes TRH TRH stimulates pituitary to secrete TSH (high TSH) which further stimulates thyroid gland |
|
|
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
|
autoimmune dz
immune system produces antibodies against your own thyroid gland short period of transient goiter & hyperthyroidism due to inflammatory response BUT eventually the thyroid gets destroyed and can't produce T4 decreased inhibition to the pituitary by T4 causes excess secretion of TSH **No goiter **Hypothyroidism **High TSH |
|
|
What condition do you have when you lack a goiter, hypothyroidism, and high TSH levels?
|
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Antibodies attach thryoid gland destroying it (no goiter) Therefore no T4 produced (Low T4) But pituitary senses lack of T4 and produces TSH (high TSH) |
|
|
What converts male hormone to female hormone
|
Aromatase enzyme
|
|
|
Androgen hormones
|
Produced by Adrenal Cortex
They are weak sex hormones Testes has reductase enzyme to convert them to testosterone Causes masculinization |
|
|
Cortisol/Cortisone
|
Stress hormones produced by Adrenal Cortex in response to low blood glucose levels
Regulated by CRH from hypothalamus Cortisol negative feedbacks hypothalamus and pituitary Causes Glyconeolysis (break down glycogen) Gluconeogenesis (generate glucose) Reduces Immune/Inflammatory Response |
|
|
What regulates production of Glucocorticoids
|
Hypothalamus
It secretes corticotropin releasing hormone which stimulates pituitary to release ACTH which activates adrenal cortex |
|
|
Aldosterone
|
Produced by Adrenal Cortex in response to low sodium levels
Promotes synthesis and insertion of sodium/potassium pumps in Collecting Ducts Enhances sodium resorption Enhances water retention indirectly by osmosis Total effect = increases blood pressure Regulated by Angiotensin-2 (but stimulated by ACTH) Inhibited by Atrial Naturetic Peptide (ANP) |
|
|
Cushing's Disease
|
Primary - Adrenal Cortex Tumor
Secondary - Pituitary problem causes excess ACTH Causes excess production of steroid hormones, mainly Glucocorticoids This increases blood glucose levels Results in diabetes mellitus Develops buffalo hump because of fat deposition and moon face with hyperpigmentation |
|
|
What regulates blood glucose levels
|
Cortisol from Adrenal Cortex
Epinephrine from Adrenal Medulla Glucagon from Pancreas a-cells Insulin from Pancrea b-cells |
|
|
Epinephrine
|
Secreted by Adrenal Medulla
Directly stimulates liver to induce glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose Indirectly stimulates pancreatic a-cell to secrete glucagon |
|
|
Glucagon
|
Secreted by Pancreatic a-cells in response to low blood glucose levels
It stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Insulin
|
Secreted by Pancreated b-cell in response to high blood glucose levels
It regulated cellular metabolism to lower blood glucose levels |
|
|
Insulin's affect on Hepatocytes
|
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Stimulates glycogenesis (production of glycogen) Stimulates glycolysis (glucose metabolism by Kreb Cycle) therefore less glucose in blood |
|
|
Insulin's affects on Myocytes
|
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Stimulates glycogenesis (production of glycogen) Stimulates GLUT-4 insertion into cell membrane for greater glucose uptake |
|
|
Insulin'e affect on Adipocytes
|
Inhibits lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
Stimulates fat storage Stimulates GLUT-4 insertion into cell membrane for greater glucose uptake Stimulates glycolysis (break down of glycogen for cell's use to store fat) |
|
|
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
|
Autoimmune disease
antibodies destroy the pancreatic the β-cells no insulin being made Leads to permanent HYPER-glycemia |
|
|
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
|
often associated w/ obesity
no insulin receptors responding to the insulin trying to bind receptors may be either absent or defective |
|
|
Somatostatin
|
Produced by delta-cells of Pancreas
Inhibits the pituitary gland from secreting Somatotrophin/Growth Hormone |
