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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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inorganic compound used in anesthesia
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N2O
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hydrocarbons contain only
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C and H
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types of hydrocarbons
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aliphatic|alicyclic|aromatic
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aliphatic
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alkanes|alkenes|alkynes
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derivatives of hydrocarbons contain
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C H and other elements
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single C bonds
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tetrahedral|4 bonds|109.5 degrees|methane
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double C bonds
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planar|1 double, 2 single bonds|120 degrees
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triple C bonds
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linear|1 triple, 1 single bond or 2 double bonds|180 degrees
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alkanes
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saturated|aliphatic
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structural formula for alkane
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CnH2n+2
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methane
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CH4
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ethane
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C2H6
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propane
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C3H8
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butane
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C4H10
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pentane
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C5H12
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hexane
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C6H14
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Heptane
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C7H16
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octane
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C8H18
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nonane
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C9H20
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decane
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C10H22
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isomer
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same molecular formula|different structural formula
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alkenes
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unsaturated|aliphatic
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structural formula for alkene
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CnH2n
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alkynes
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unsaturated|aliphatic
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structural formula for alkynes
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CnH2n-2
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alicyclic compound
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organic compoud that is both sliphatic and cyclic|1 or more C ring|saturated or unsaturated|not aromatic
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heterocyclic structures
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contains element other than C in ring
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aromatic hydrocarbon
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6 C ring with alternating double bonds
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structural formula benzene ring
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C6H6
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phenol
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C6H6 -OH
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aniline
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C6H6 -NH2
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benzioc acid
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C6H6 -COOH
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functional group
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group of atoms that is attached to a hydrocarbon chain and that confers some distinctive chemical and physical properties on the organic compound
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<pic funct.jpg>
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<pic funct 2.jpg>
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carbonyl group
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-CH=O
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halogens
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F, Cl, Br, I
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alkyl halides
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contain alkyl group attached to halogen atom
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aryl halide
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have halogen atom attached to aromatic ring
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halothane mnenomic
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chatty cathy had fun fun fun with clarence harry and bruce
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alcohol structure
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R-OH
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properties of alcohol
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nonionized|nonelectrolyte|not base|polar|H bonding occurs between molecules|high boiling points
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types of alcohols
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primary|secondary|tertiary
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primary alcohol
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OH attached to a C has 1 or no C attached to it
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seccondary alcohol
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OH attached to a C that has 2 other C attached to it
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tertiary alcohol
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OH attached to a C that has 3 other C attached to it
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trihydric alcohol
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3 OH groups
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glycerol
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trihydric alchol used in
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dehydration of ether occurs at what temp
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140 C
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dehydration of alkene occurs at what temp
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150 C
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alcohol + alcohol =
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ether
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reaction of alcohol + alcohol is a ? Reaction
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dehydration
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alcohol + dehydrating agent =
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alkene
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primary alcohols can be oxidized to form
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aldehydes, and further oxidized to form <pic oxid.jpg>
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oxidation reaction
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H is removed from a compound|O is combined with a compound
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reduction reaction
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H is combined with a compound|O is removed from a compound
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sulfur analog of alcohol
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SH in place of OH
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how to prepare thiol
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heat alkyl halid with NaHS
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reaction of thiol
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oxidation to disulfides, which are involved in
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ethers are formed during
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dehydration of alcohol
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properties of ether
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low BP|do not form H bonds|good solvents (do not react with solute)|flammabel
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ethers in anesthesia
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methoxyflurane|enflurane|isoflurane|desflurane|sevoflurane
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aldehydes are prepared by
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oxidation of primary alcohol
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what is chemical that causes hangovers
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acetaldehyde
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formaldehyde
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40% solution known as formulin|hardens protein making it insoluble in ater|effective germacide|preservative|embalming fluid|irritating to eyes and skin
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glutaraldehyde
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superior to formaldehyde as sterilizing agent|microcidal against all microorganisms includeing spores ad viruses
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aldehyde
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metabolite of ethanol|hangover|antabuse functions by increasing acetaldehyde
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aldehyde reactions
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oxidation|reduction
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aldehyde oxidizes to form
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acids
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aldehyde reduces to form
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alcohol
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ketones are prepared by
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beta - hydroxybutyric acid
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medically imprtant ketones
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acetoacetic acid|acetone
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ketone reactions
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are normally unreactive|cannot oxidize|can be reduced to corresponding alcohol
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carboxylic acids are formed by
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oxidation of aldehydes
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what can be oxidized directly to acids
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primary alcohols
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carboxylic acid reactions
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neutralization reaction
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organic acids are
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weak acids and react with bases to form
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carboxylica acid + alcohol
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ester
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medically important carboxylic acids
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formic acid (bee sting)|acetic acid|ciric acid|lactic acid|pyruvic acid
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salts of citric acids
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magnesium citrate|sodium citrate
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lactic acid
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both acid and alcohol|product of anaerobic metabolism
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pyruvic acid
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produced by anaerobic oxidation of glucose|reduced to lactic acid in muscles|in tissues changed to acetyl coenzyme A which then
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esters are formed by
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carboxylic acid + alcohol
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ester reaction
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hydrolysis
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medically important esters
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ester local anesthetics|esmolol|remifentanyl|NMBs
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ester local anesthetics
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procaine|2-chloroprocaine|tetracaine|cocaine|benzocaine
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NMB
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succinylcholine|atracurium|mivacurium|cisatracurium
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phosphate sters prepared by
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organic compound with OH group + H3PO4
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medically important phosphate esters
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ATP|ADP|AMP|cAMP|DNA|RNA|phospholipids in tissue cel lmembranes
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amines
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organic compounds derived from ammonia
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3 classes of amines refers to the
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# oh H atom of ammonia that have been replaced by alkyl groups
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primary amine
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1 H
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secondary amine
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2 H
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tertiary amine
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3 H
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amines are prepared by
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alkyl halide + ammonia (or aother amine)
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amine reactions
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amine + acid =
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how to name ammonium salts
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place word hydrochloride after name of amine|ex.
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why are hydrochlorides administered instead of the amine
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they are more water solube
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what is protamine
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strongly alkaline polycationinc low molecular weight protein found in salmon sperm
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how does protamine work
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pos charged alkaline protamine combines with negatively charged acidic heparin = stable complex devoid of anticoagulant activity
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quaternary ammoniums
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pos charged ions|do not cross membrane easily therefore,
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amino acids =
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oragnic acids + amine group
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COOH is a
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acid group
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NH2 is a
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basic group
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amphoteric reacts with
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either acids or bases
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amides are prepared
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organic acid + ammonia (or amine)
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amide property
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weakly basic compound
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amine reactions
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amino acid + amino acid =
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medically important amide
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lidocaine|prilocaine|bupivicaine|ropivacaine|etidocaine|mepivicaine
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aromatic compounds
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contain benzene|unsaturated|every other bond is a double bond|basis of thousands of organic compounds
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properties of benzene
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colorless liquid|gasoline like odor|toxic when take internally|skin contact is harmful|inhalation decreases RBCs and WBCs|mildly carcinogenic|banned as ingredient in consumer products
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benzene reactions
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addition reactions rare|substitution reactions usual
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otho
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together
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meta
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separated by one C
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para
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opposite each other
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important bezene derivatives
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TNT|PABA|toluene|benzoic acid|phenol|nitrobenzene|analine|phenanthrene|saliclica acid|acetominophen
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isomers
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molecules with the same chemical formula and often same chemica bonds but atomas are arranged differetnly
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many isomers share
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similar if not identical prpoerties in most chemical contexts
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isomer types
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structural|functional|Geometric|optical
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structural isomer
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same molecular formula|same functionla groups|different structural formula
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ex structural isomer: C3H8O
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propyl acohol CH3-CH2-CH2OH|isopropyl alcohol CH3-CHOH-CH3
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functional isomer
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same molecular formular|different functional groups
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ex functional isomer
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ethyl acohol CH3CH2OH|dimethyl ether CH3OCH3
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geometric isomer
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same molecular formula|different structural formula b/c either a double bond or ring system prevents rotation necessary to change into the other|cis and trans
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chiral carbon
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bonded to 4 different groups|not superimposable on its mirror image|optically active
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enantiomers
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mirror images but cannot be superimposed
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a molecule will be an enantiomer if it contains
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1 or more chiral atoms
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the term enantiomer is always used in reference to 1 of a
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pair of molecules
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optical isomer
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same molecular formula|structures are mirror images|rotate plane of light = but in opposite directions
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optical directions left = |right = |racemic =
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levo|dextro|mix
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sedative barbiturates: how made
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urea + malonic acid =
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naturally occurring opiates
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morphine|codeine|thebaine
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naturally occuring opiates have what type of ring
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phenanthrene ring|3 rings
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common to NMBS
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quaternary ammoniums|therefore will not cross membrane barrier easily
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frequently see ? In NMBs
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esters|therfore will undergo ester hydrolysis
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local anesthetics: esters derivatives of
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benzoic acid
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local anesthetics: amides derivatives
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aniline
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steroid base nucleus
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<pic steroid.jpg>
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ketamine is a ? Derivative
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phencyclidine|gives it the hallucinogenic properties
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etomidate is a
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carboxylilated imidazole
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propofol is 2, 6…
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diisopropyl phenol
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imidazole is a
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heterocyclic compound of 5 membered diunsaturated ring|3 C & 2 N, nonadjacent
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how is imidazole forme
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combination of glyoxl and formaldehyde
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ring structure of versed > ph 4
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closed|lipid soluble
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ring structure of versed <ph 4
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open|water soluble|will not cross as easily
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catecholamines are based on
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beta phenylethylamine|must have OH on 3 & 4 C
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