Org B - Ch 7

Front 1

What are the basic theories of motivation—need
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Prepotency

Back 1

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs – 5 universal needs: Physiological, safety and security, social, ego and esteem, and self-actualization.
Prepotency – the idea that human needs are arranged in a hierarchical order and that higher-level needs do not emerge until lower-level needs are mostly satisfied

Front 2

What are the basic theories of motivation—need
- learned needs theory (david mcclelland)

Back 2

Needs that have been acquired by the events individuals have experienced within their culture. David McClelland studied three learned needs—Achievement, affiliation, and power—and were acquired and how they influenced behavior.
Need for affiliation – the need to associate with other people and obtain their friendship and approval.

Front 3

What are the basic theories of motivation—need
- Need for power

Back 3

Need for Power – the desire to influence or control other people either for the sake of personal satisfaction or for the benefit of society

Front 4

What are the basic theories of motivation—need
- personal power
- Social power

Back 4

Personal power- a manifestation of the need for power in which individuals strive for dominance and control over other individuals.
Social power – a form of the need for power in which individuals attempt to satisfy their power needs by working with a group to achieve group and organizational goals.

Front 5

What are the basic theories of motivation - Reinforcement Theory
- Positive and negative reinforcers
- Secondary rewards

Back 5

Negative = decreases the probability of a response.
Primary rewards – desireable because of their association with physiological requirements or comforts especially food, water, sex, rest, and the removal of pain.
Secondary rewards – Learned rewards or outcomes that have a powerful influence on behavior because they are self-administered. They can become increasingly important or valued and they do not become satiated or filled.

Front 6

What are the basic theories of Motivation - Reinforcement Theory
- Extrinsic rewards
- Intrinsic Rewards

Back 6

Extrinsic rewards – such as praise, bonuses, and awards that are administered by external agents.
Intrinsic rewards – rewards that are self-administered, such as feelings of personal fulfillment or pride and craftsmanship from doing a good job.

Front 7

What are the basic theories of Motivation - Reinforcement Theory
- Reinforcement Contingencies
- Punishment Contingency
- positive reinforcement cont

Back 7

Positive reinforcement contingency – when positive reinforcement is presented after the correct response is made.
Punishment contingency – when negative reinforemsent or punishment is associated with a specific response

Front 8

What are the basic theories of Motivation - Reinforcement Theory
- Escape contingency
- Avoidance contingency
- Extinction contingency

Back 8

Escape contingency – when the person is required to make a correct response in order to terminate a negative condition that is already present in the environment.
Avoidance contingency – when a person is required to make a response to avoid an adverse stimulus.
Extinction contingency – when a positive reinforcement is no longer associated with a response. In time the person stops making the response.

Front 9

What are the basic theories of Motivation -Expectancy Theory
- definition

Back 9

a decision-making model of motication that explains how individual decide what to do by e valuating the likely outcomes of their behavior and the probabilities associated with them

Front 10

What are the basic theories of Motivation -Expectancy Theory
- expectancy
- instrumentality
- Valence

Back 10

- expectancy - refers to teh probability that effort will lead to performance ("If I exert enough effort, can I perform well?")
- Instrumentality - refers to teh relationship between performance and outcomes. the perceived correlation between performance levels and possible rewards ("What are the consequences of performing well?")
- Valence - the value of the outcomes and the extent to which they are attractive or unattractive tot eh individual (not all rewards are considered "rewarding")

Front 11

What are the basic theories of Motivation - Equity theory
- definition

Back 11

- derived from sociaal comparison theory in which people compare their input-output ratios with the input-output rations of others

Front 12

What are the basic theories of Motivation - Equity theory
- consequences of inequity (6)

Back 12

- people may alter their inputs
- may alter their outcomes
- may cognitively distory their inputs and outcomes
- may distort the inputs or outputs of others
- may change objects of comparison
- May leave the field

Front 13

What impact do the various reward schedules have on behavior?
- Continuous reward schedule
- Intermittent reward schedules

Back 13

Continuous reward schedule – a reward schedule that reinforces every correct response. (Continuous response (great for early stage training))
Intermittent reward schedules – a reward schedule that provides reinforcement for every nth response, where n is either a fixed or variable number.

Front 14

What impact do the various reward schedules have on behavior?
- Fixed ratio schedule
- Variable ratio schedule

Back 14

Fixed ratio schedule – a reward schedule that rewards every nth response, where n is a fixed number. (Fixed ratio schedules tend to produce a vigorous and steady rate of response that is typically a little higher than continuous reward schedules.)
Variable ratio schedule – an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which rewards are administered on the basis of a variable number of correct responses. Variable ratio schedules lead to high rates of responding and are very resistant to extinction. (capable of producing very high rates of response that are vigorous, steady, and resistant to extinction for a long period of time.)

Front 15

What impact do the various reward schedules have on behavior?
- Fixed interval schedule
- Variable interval schedule

Back 15

Fixed interval schedule – a reward schedule in which no reinforcement is given during a predetermined period of time, but after the end of that time interval the first correct response is reinforced. (produce an uneven response pattern that varies very slow, lethargic response rate immediately after being reinforced to a very fast, vigorous response rate.)
Variable interval schedule – a reinforcement schedule based on an interval of time. However, the length of the interval is not constant, it varies on a random basis.

Front 16

What are intrinsic and extrinsic rewards?

Back 16

Extrinsic rewards – such as praise, bonuses, and awards that are administered by external agents.
Intrinsic rewards – rewards that are self-administered, such as feelings of personal fulfillment or pride and craftsmanship from doing a good job.