Orbit

Front 1

Where is the palpebral fissure located?

Back 1

Between the margins of the lids

Front 2

Where are the tarsal glands? What is their function?

Back 2

Embedded within the tarsi
Secrete oily substance to prevent overflow of tears

Front 3

What attaches to the superior tarsus?

Back 3

Levator palpebrae superirorisSuperior tarsal muscle

Front 4

What is the orbital septum? What does it fuse with inferiorly?

Back 4

i. Inferior continuation of periosteum that extends into eyelids
ii. Fuses with tarsi

Front 5

Where is the lacrimal gland?

Back 5

Superior Lateral part of orbit

Front 6

What is the direction of flow of tears?

Back 6

Lateral to medial

Front 7

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland? Via what ganglion?

Back 7

i. Preganglionic fibers from the facial nerve
ii. Pterygopalatine ganglion

Front 8

How does parasympathetic innervation arrive to the lacrimal gland after the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Back 8

Postganglionic axons travel via Zygomatic (V2) then Lacrimal (V1)

Front 9

What provides sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal duct? Via what ganglion?

Back 9

i. Postganglionic axons from superior cervical ganglion
ii. Nerve of pterygoid canal

Front 10

What nerves make up the nerve of the pterygoid canal?

Back 10

i. Deep petrosal nerve
ii. Greater petrosal nerve

Front 11

What is the sclera?

Back 11

i. Outer, white fibrous layer of globe

Front 12

What is the choroid’s function?

Back 12

i. Provides inner retinal layer with oxygen supply and nutrients

Front 13

What is the ciliary body?

Back 13

i. Anterior continuation of the choroid
ii. Secretes aqueous humor

Front 14

What is the sphincter pupillae? What is its innervation?

Back 14

i. Circular fibers
ii. Parasympathetic

Front 15

What is the dilator pupillae? What is its innervation?

Back 15

i. Radial fibers
ii. Sympathetic

Front 16

To where does aqueous humor empty?

Back 16

i. Scleral venous sinus

Front 17

What is glaucoma?

Back 17

i. Increased intraocular pressure due to blockage of the Canal of Schlemm

Front 18

What is the bulbar fascia?

Back 18

i. Surrounds eyeball forming a sheath
ii. Separates eyeball from orbital fat

Front 19

What are the check ligaments? What are their functions?

Back 19

i. Medial and lateral expansions of bulbar sheath
ii. Limit abduction and adduction of eyeball

Front 20

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi? Innervation?

Back 20

i. Gentle eye-closing (sleep, blinking)
ii. Facial nerve

Front 21

What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris? Innervation

Back 21

i. Raises upper eyelid
ii. Oculomotor nerve

Front 22

What is the superior tarsal muscle? Innervation?

Back 22

i. Smooth muscle that retracts eyelid
ii. Superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic)

Front 23

d. From where do the four rectus muscles arise?

Back 23

i. Common tendinous ring

Front 24

e. What is the action of the superior rectus? Innervation?

Back 24

i. Elevate, adduct, intort eyeball
ii. Oculomotor (superior)

Front 25

f. What is the action of the inferior rectus? Innervation?

Back 25

i. Depresses, adducts, extort eyeball
ii. Oculomotor (inferior)

Front 26

g. What is the action of the medial rectus? Innervation?

Back 26

i. Adduction of eyeball
ii. Oculomotor (inferior)

Front 27

h. What is the action of the lateral rectus? Innervation?

Back 27

i. Abducts eyeball
ii. Abducent nerve

Front 28

i. What is the action of the superior oblique? Innervation?

Back 28

i. Intorsion, depression, and abduction of eyeball
ii. Trochlear nerve

Front 29

j. What is unique about the inferior oblique?

Back 29

i. Only extrinsic muscle that does not arise form the posterior part of the orbit

Front 30

k. What is the action of the inferior oblique? Innervation?

Back 30

i. Extorsion, elevates, abducts eyeball
ii. Oculomotor (inferior)

Front 31

a. To where does the central artery of the retina travel? What does it accompany?

Back 31

Retina, Optic nerve

Front 32

b. What are the branches of the lacrimal artery?

Back 32

Short Posterior Ciliary
ii. Lateral palebral branches
iii. Zygomatic branches

Front 33

c. What do the long and short posterior ciliary arteries perfuse?

Back 33

i. Inside of eyeball

Front 34

d. Where does the supraorbital artery run?

Back 34

i. Through supraorbital notch to forehead and scalp to vertex

Front 35

e. What does the posterior ethmoidal artery supply?

Back 35

i. Ethomidal air cells
ii. Superior nasal cavity

Front 36

f. What does the anterior ethmoidal artery supply?

Back 36

i. Nasal cavity

Front 37

g. What are the branches of the anterior ethmoidal artery?

Back 37

i. Anterior meningeal artery
ii. Ends as alteral nasal artery

Front 38

h. What does the supratrochlear artery supply?

Back 38

i. Forehead

Front 39

i. What are the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery?

Back 39

i. Dorsal nasal
ii. Supratrochlear

Front 40

j. What does the dorsal nasal artery supply?

Back 40

i. Upper surface of nose

Front 41

k. What does the muscular artery supply?

Back 41

i. Intrinsic muscles of eye

Front 42

l. What does the medial palpebral artery supply?

Back 42

i. Area medial to upper and lower eyelid
ii. Nasolacrimal duct

Front 43

a. With what structures does the superior ophthalmic vein communicate? What is a name for this complex?

Back 43

i. Supraorbital and angular veins
ii. “Triangle of danger”

Front 44

b. With what does the inferior ophthalmic vein communicate?

Back 44

i. Pterygoid plexus of veins

Front 45

a. What is papilledema?

Back 45

i. Increase in CSF causes bulging of optic disc

Front 46

c. What are the branches of the frontal nerve?

Back 46

i. Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves

Front 47

f. What does the posterior ethmoidal nerve supply?

Back 47

i. Ethmoid
ii. Sphenoid air sinuses

Front 48

g. What does the anterior ethmoidal nerve supply?

Back 48

i. Anterior cranial fossa
ii. Nasal cavity
iii. Skin on lower half of nose

Front 49

h. What does the infratrochlear nerve supply?

Back 49

i. Skin on upper half of nose
ii. Medial eyelid

Front 50

b. What does the trochlear nerve supply?

Back 50

i. Superior oblique

Front 51

c. What is a sign of a trochlear nerve injury?

Back 51

i. Vertical diplopia
ii. Patients tilt head forward to bring fields together
iii. Torsional diplopia

Front 52

What does the abducent nerve supply?

Back 52

ii. Lateral rectus

Front 53

b. What is the nerve dysfunction of the abducent nerve?

Back 53

i. Esotropia→ convergent squint
ii. Patient may turn face towards side of affected eye

Front 54

b. What types of fibers does the oculomotor nerve carry?

Back 54

i. Somatic motor and visceromotor fibers

Front 55

c. What does the superior branch of the oculomotor nerve innervate?

Back 55

ii. Levator palpebrae superioris

Front 56

d. What does the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve innervate?

Back 56

i. Medial rectus
ii. Inferior rectus
iii. Inferior oblique

Front 57

e. Where is the ciliary ganglion?

Back 57

i. Between optic nerve and lateral rectus

Front 58

f. What is damaged in Horner’s syndrome of the oculomotor? What are the symptoms?

Back 58

i. Superior cervical ganglion
ii. Ptosis, misosis, anhydrosis

Front 59

g. What is the sign of oculomotor palsy? What muscle is non-functional?

Back 59

i. “Down and out” eye
ii. Medial rectus