Oral Pathology Exam 1

Front 1

What is Al1? Is it produced by Gm+ or Gm- bacteria? Does it inhibit Gm+ or Gm- bacteria?

Back 1

A bacterial toxin autoinducer protein. Gm+ bacteria produce it to inhibit other Gm+ organisms.

Front 2

What is homotypic coaggregation?

Back 2

Organisms of the SAME species gathering together.

Front 3

What is heterotypic coaggregation?

Back 3

Organisms of DIFFERENT species gathering together.

Front 4

What is the function of GBP (glucan binding protein)?

Back 4

It sticks to glucans and fructans. It's a colonization, virulence, and adhesion factor.

Front 5

Which organism is the first to colonize the mouth right after birth?

Back 5

Streptococcus salivarius

Front 6

Which organism is the first to colonize on the teeth?

Back 6

Streptococcus sanguis

Front 7

Where is O-MALT found?

Back 7

In tonsils, which are sites of lymphocyte proliferation, and sites of antibody production.

Front 8

What type of cell synthesizes the J-chain of IgA?

Back 8

Plasma cells

Front 9

What type of cell produces the secretory component of IgA?

Back 9

Epithelial cells

Front 10

At what age will IgA start appearing in saliva?

Back 10

1 week to 2 months

Front 11

Which organism secretes an IgA-specific protease that degrades the junctional epithelium and cleaves the hinge region on IgA and IgM.?

Back 11

Niesseria

Front 12

Explain the difference between IgA1 and IgA2

Back 12

IgA1 is predominant and effective on everything but Niesseria. IgA2 doesn't have a hinge region, so it is effective on Niesseria.

Front 13

What does HEV stand for and what are they?

Back 13

High Endothelial Venules. They are specialized endothelial cells that line capillaries of mucosal tissue.

Front 14

Which type of lymphocytes do not exhibit preferential homing or trafficking?

Back 14

Naive lymphocytes.

Front 15

What is extravasation? What type of cells do this?

Back 15

Getting in and out of blood vessels. All lymphocytes, even naive.

Front 16

How do polymerized antibodies find their way into the oral cavity?

Back 16

Poly Ig receptors

Front 17

What are defensins?

Back 17

Antimicrobial, non-specific proteins

Front 18

What are histatins?

Back 18

Antifungals found in saliva

Front 19

Are mucins immunoglobulin agglutinin?

Back 19

No, they are NIA (non-immunoglobulin agglutinin)

Front 20

Are mucins found in the fluid-phase saliva or the salivary pellicle?

Back 20

Both. MG1 is found in fluid-phase, MG2 is in both

Front 21

Is lysozyme antibacterial or antimicrobial? Why?

Back 21

Antibacterial. It degrades peptidoglycans specifically by cleaving the B1-4 linkage on NAG and NAM

Front 22

Which secreted substance is bactericidal and chelates iron?

Back 22

Lactoferrin

Front 23

_____ help maintain enamel integrity.

Back 23

Statherins. They are anti-cariogenic and combat homolactic fermentation

Front 24

Besides breaking down starches, what is the function of amylase?

Back 24

It blocks bacterial adhesion

Front 25

Salivary peroxidase and myeloperoxidase posses what property?

Back 25

Antibacterial. They inhibit bacterial metabolism.

Front 26

The percentage of Streptococcus ______ found in plaque is directly correlated to the amount of sucrose consumed.

Back 26

Mutans.

Front 27

What is among the most cariogenic of all carbs?

Back 27

Sucrose.

Front 28

T or F: the ability of S. mutans to produce glucans is a major factor due to solubility, a major virulence factor, and a reason for its cariogenic nature

Back 28

True

Front 29

Besides remineralization, what is a major beneficial function of fluoride?

Back 29

It inhibits bacterial growth by reducing phosphoenolpyruvate production and inhibiting lactic acid production

Front 30

Name one mechanism of sucrose-independent adhesion

Back 30

Type 1 pili (test answer), adhesins, coaggregation, or salivary non-Ig glycoproteins

Front 31

Prp I and II are coded by PRH-2 and may be associated with susceptibility to caries. What kind of pili do they use to adhere?

Back 31

Type 1 pili. Strep sanguis and actinomyces bind to PrPs. Some PrP variants increase risk of caries through colonization of particular gram positive organisms. Sucrose independent adhesion

Front 32

Which appears in saliva shortly after birth: IgA or IgM?

Back 32

Both

Front 33

Oral IgA and IgM are ____

Back 33

Polymerized

Front 34

What is the most common immunodeficiency? Most are asymptomatic, but what 3 symptoms are common in those that exhibit symptoms?

Back 34

IgA. Giardiasis, rhinitis, and sinusitis.

Front 35

What is the risk associated with using whole, live strep organisms in a vaccine?

Back 35

Rheumatic fever. Instead we use conjugate vaccines.

Front 36

Which bacteria is the best colonizer of the mucosa?

Back 36

Strep salivarius

Front 37

Which bacteria is the best colonizer of the tooth?

Back 37

Strep sanguis

Front 38

Proline rich proteins are responsible for an increase or decrease in caries?

Back 38

Increase

Front 39

Is Actinomyces viscosus Gm+ or Gm-?

Back 39

+. Also know that it adheres to PRPs through type 1 fimbrae (sucrose independent adhesion)

Front 40

Lipids in plaque are derived from the phospholipids of Gm+ or Gm- bacteria? Which ions do they have an affinity for?

Back 40

Gm-. Ca+2 and PO4 -3.

Front 41

Which type of plaque consists of more Gm+ organisms?

Back 41

Supragingival

Front 42

Which type of plaque consists of more Gm- organisms?

Back 42

Subgingival

Front 43

Unlike bacterial and viral infections, parasitic infections are often ____

Back 43

Chronic

Front 44

Which single-celled organisms are responsible for 80-90% of all parasitic infections?

Back 44

Protozoa

Front 45

Which 3 single celled parasites are considered true oral parasites?

Back 45

Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba gingivalis, and Trichomonas tenax

Front 46

How is E. histolytica transmitted and what is DOC?

Back 46

Fecal-oral, DOC is metronidazole

Front 47

How is E. gingivalis transmitted and what is DOC?

Back 47

Oral-oral, no DOC. Associated with periodontitis

Front 48

The first step in the life cycle of entamoeba is ingestion of ____

Back 48

Infective cysts

Front 49

Which organism is found in the GU tract and has a DOC of metronidazole?

Back 49

Trichomonas vaginalis

Front 50

Which type of protozoa causes most parasitic infections in the US?

Back 50

Trichomonas

Front 51

T or F: Malaria is caused by obligate intracellular parasites

Back 51

True

Front 52

Which insect (gender also) delivers the plasmodium sporozoite to humans?

Back 52

Female anopheles mosquito

Front 53

Which disease has symptoms of anemia and pallor of oral mucosa, and a DOC of Chloroquine?

Back 53

Malaria

Front 54

What is a common reservoir of Toxoplasma gondii?

Back 54

Cats

Front 55

What is the most common helminthic infection worldwide?

Back 55

Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)

Front 56

What's the fancy name for pinworms?

Back 56

Enterobius vermicularis

Front 57

Symptoms of helminth infection include...?

Back 57

Pallor, iron deficiency anemia

Front 58

How many species of bacteria make up the normal oral flora?

Back 58

500

Front 59

Which disease is caused by antibodies to your adrenal glands characterized by skin and mucosa pigmentation?

Back 59

Addison's

Front 60

Sjogren's syndrome is a salivary gland enlargement caused by antibodies to...?

Back 60

Nucleolar mitochondria

Front 61

What disease is caused by antibodies to collagen, DNA topoisomerase, and centromeres?

Back 61

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

Front 62

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by immune complex formation in skin, kidneys, and joints?

Back 62

Lupus

Front 63

In Lichen Planus, a local insult results in a ___-cell activation.

Back 63

T. And there is a small chance of a squamous cell carcinoma

Front 64

Most of the 23 forms of Epidermolysis bullosa are hereditary, name one that isn't.

Back 64

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

Front 65

Epidermolysis bullosa is caused by antibodies to...?

Back 65

Type VII procollagen

Front 66

Linear IgA is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies to...?

Back 66

Basement membrane

Front 67

The disease desquamative gingivitis is a type of autoimmune known as what?

Back 67

Pemphigoid.

Front 68

A group of relatively common autoimmune diseases known as Pemphigoid are characterized by autoantibodies to what?

Back 68

The basement membrane antigens of stratified squamous epithelium

Front 69

Which rare autoimmune disease features lesions on skin and oral mucosa and autoantibodies to IgG and desmoglein-3 (desmosomes of stratified squamous epithelium)?

Back 69

Pemphigus. Also note it may be fatal.

Front 70

What are the 3 mechanisms of loss of self tolerance?

Back 70

Molecular modification, molecular mimicry, and emergence of sequestered antigens

Front 71

Which mechanism of loss of self tolerance is caused by an external agent modifying self antigen? Give an example.

Back 71

Molecular modification. Example is drug-induced hemolytic anemia.

Front 72

Which mechanism of loss of self tolerance is caused by foreign antigens sharing structural similarity with self determinants? Give an example.

Back 72

Molecular mimicry. Example is rheumatic fever.

Front 73

Give an example of emergence of sequestered antigens and describe how it occurs.

Back 73

Sympathetic ophthalmia. Trauma to the eye releases eye antigens that normally expressed only intra-ocularly. These antigens are carried to lymph nodes, where anti-eye antigen T-cells are activated. These T-cells return to the eyes and attack them.

Front 74

T or F: Virtually all autoimmune reactions are B-dependent

Back 74

False. T-dependent

Front 75

Are autoimmune disorders more common in men or women?

Back 75

Women

Front 76

Are most autoimmune diseases associated with class I or class II MHC alleles?

Back 76

Class II. Few are associated with a single class 1 MHC allele.

Front 77

Give an example of class II MHC alleles associated with type-1 diabetes

Back 77

HLA-DR3 and 4

Front 78

Give an example of a class I MHC allele associated with ankylosing spondylitis

Back 78

HLA B27

Front 79

Protection against type-1 diabetes is conferred by which amino acid at residue #__ in the DQBeta-chain?

Back 79

Aspartate at residue 57. Absence of this aspartate indicates susceptibility to type-1 diabetes.

Front 80

Which pathogen causes Rheumatic fever?

Back 80

Strep pyogenes

Front 81

Name one pathogen that causes type-1 diabetes via molecular mimicry

Back 81

Coxsackie B (asterisk in ppt), rotavirus, herpes, hepC, rhino-, hanta retroviral

Front 82

Which 3 types of antigens are involved in autoimmunity? Give an example of each.

Back 82

Membrane (TSH receptor in thyroid disease), intracellular (nuclear antigens in lupus), and secretions (insulin in diabetes).

Front 83

Which HYPERthyroid autoimmune disease is caused by an antibody stimulating the TSH receptor without the hormone present?

Back 83

Grave's disease

Front 84

Which HYPOthyroid autoimmune disease is caused by antibodies to thyroid peroxidase?

Back 84

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Front 85

Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies to intrinsic factor, leading to a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Back 85

Pernicious anemia

Front 86

Which autoantibodies are responsible for myasthenia gravis?

Back 86

Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. They prevent the binding of neurotransmitter to receptor and inhibit muscle activation.

Front 87

Which autoantibodies are responsible for rheumatoid arthritis?

Back 87

IgM anti-IgG, anti-citrulline (those first 2 are red in ppt), anti-collagen, and anti-ssDNA