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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sclera
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white, outermost layer of eye
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uvea
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beneath sclera, made of iris, ciliary body and choroid
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iris
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colored portion of eye
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lens
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portion of eye that helps light refract
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conjunctiva
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covers inner surface of eyelid & sclera
highly vascularized |
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cornea
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crystal clear portion of eye surface (allows light to enter)
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macula
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area of acute central vision
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retina
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nerve tissue
contains the rods & cones of eye |
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choroid
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vascular layer between retina & sclera
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aqueous humor
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fluid in front of eyes
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vitreous humor
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fluid-like gel behind the lens of the eye
(also present in front of eye) |
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blood-retinal barrier
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restricts drug transport to retina
not affected by inflammation |
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blood-aqueous barrier
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barrier within eye that acts like blood-brain barrier
inflammation causes breakdown |
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mydriatics
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agents that cause contraction of muscles to enlarge pupils
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cycloplegics
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agents that relax muscles in the eye to make pupils constrict and lens focus
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glaucoma
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open-angle & angle closure
Disease that leads to optic neuropathy characterized by changes in the optic nerve leading to visual loss. 2nd leading cause of blindness in US. Characterized by C/D ratio <0.5 and increased IOP |
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How do you treat glaucoma?
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Prostaglandins/Prostamides & beta-blockers are first line therapy.
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Parasympathomimetics Non-specific Adrenergic Agonists |
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Prostaglandins/Prostamides
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Decrease IOP by 25-35% by increasing uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor.
Adverse reactions: 1. Can change iris pigmentation (typically individuals with mixed colored eyes) 2. hypertrichosis 3. hyperpigmentation of eye lids examples: latanoprost (frig), travaprost, bimatoprost, tafluprost (frig) |
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Beta-Blockers
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Decrease IOP 20-30% by reducing aqueous humor production in ciliary body.
Adverse Reactions: 1. dry eyes, coreal anesthesia, blepharitis, blurred vision, stinging systemic absorption: decreased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, negative ionotropic effects, bronchospasm, block sx of hypoglycemia Examples: timolol, betaxolol, carteolol, levobunolol, metipranolol |
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Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists
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Reduce IOP by 18-27% by reducing aqueous humor production and increasing uveoscleral outflow (brimonidine).
Adverse Reactions: allergic type, lid edema, eye discomfort, foreign-body sensation, itching, hyperemia Systemic absorption: dry mouth, lower BP, fatigue, dizziness. Examples: brimonidine, apraclonidine |
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Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
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Decrease IOP by 15-26% topically and 25-40% (systemically) by decrease aqueous humor inflow by blocking the secretion of sodium and bicarbonate ions from the ciliary body to the aqueous humor.
Adverse Reactions: blurry vision, stinging, tearing Systemic Absorption: malaise, fatigue, depression, nausea, anorexia, weight loss, metallic taste, acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, increase uric acid Examples: brinzolamide, dorzolamide, acetazolamide, methazolamide |
