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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What kind of an organism is Aspergillosis fumigatus and Aspergillosis flavus?
Mold
What kind of an infection do Aspergillosis fumigatus and Aspergillosis flavus cause?
Opportunistic fungal infection

Manifests in lungs, all over body
What is the morphology of Aspergillosis species in the environment?
Aerial hyphia
Condida production
What is the morphology of the Aspergillosis species in tissue?
Acutely breaking separate hyphae
Who is the host for an infection by Aspergillosis species?
Immunosuppressed hosts:
Neutropenic
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressants
What is the pathogenesis of Aspergillosis species?
Inhalation from the environment
Invasion of the blood vessels of the lung
Hematogenous spread to the rest of the body
What is the primary defense against Aspergillosis species?
PMNs
Macrophages
What types of infections are caused by Aspergillosis species?
Pulmonary infections
Disseminated infections (CNS, Skin, etc.)
What are the symptoms of a pulmonary infection by Aspergillosis species?

What should you do?
Fever
Pleuritic cough
Hemoptosis
SOB

CHEST CT, STAT!
What is the best way to diagnose an infection by Aspergillosis species?
CT
Culture from Bronchoalveolar lavage
Antigen detection
Histopathology
What is a bronchoalveolar lavage?
Mechanism of culturing from lungs during a bronchoscopy.

You wash out the lungs with saline and recollect --> Histopathology, Culture.
What is the antigen that is detected in Aspergillus infections?
Galactomannan, a component of the cell wall.
What is the treatment for Aspergillus infections?
Voriconazole

Amphotericin B
On CT, what is fairly diagnostic for a Aspergillus infection?
Halo inside of the lungs: occluding of vessels followed by hemorrhage
What is the morphology of a Rhizopus or Mucor infection in tissue?
Non-separate hyphae
Rhizoids
What patients are particularly vulnerable to a Rhizopus or Mucor infection? Why?
Immunosuppressed
Ketoacidotic diabetics
What is a clinical similarity between aspergillus and Rhizopus or Mucor?
Angioinvasive in the lungs

Halo on a chest Ct
What is a particularly nasty disease in diabetics caused by Rhizopus or Mucor?
Rhinoorbitalcerebral disease
What kind of fungi causes Rhinoorbitalcerebral disease?
Rhizopus or Mucor
What is the pathogenesis of Rhinoorbitalcerebral disease?
Inhalation
Passage through the sinuses, swelling
Movement back along the nerves to the caveronous sinus
What is the treatment for Rhinoorbitalcerebal disease?
SURGERY! Cut out the bad eye!
What antibiotics are used to treat an infection by Rhizopus or Mucor?
Only amphotericin B

Rhizopus or Mucor are resistant to the others.
What is the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Yeast!
What is the environmental habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Soil
Bird droppings
Urban settings
What is the unique cellular feature of Cryptococcus neoformans?
GIANT CAPSULE!

Inhibits phagocytosis.
Who are the typical hosts for Cryptococcus neoformans?
Immunocompromised as well as healthy hosts.

The capsule is just so GIANT that healthy people can't deal with it either.
What is the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans?
Inhalation
Neurotropism (chronic meningitis)
What are the diseases caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?
Pulmonary infection
Subacute-->Chronic meningitis (this is the typical disease)
What are the laboratory findings of Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis?
High pressure
High lymphocytes
High protein
Moderately low glucose: 20-40
What are the useful diagnostic tests for Cryptococcus neoformans?
India ink
Antigen to the polysaccharide capsule
What test shouldn't you do to diagnose Cryptococcus neoformans?
Serology - no antibodies are made.
What is the most effective antibiotic therapy for Cryptococcus neoformans?
Amphotericin B+ Flucytosine

Fluconazole
What are the two species of Candida that cause candidiasis?
Albicans (most common)
Galbrata
What is the normal environment for Candida?
Normal flora

GI, GU, skin
What is the staining and morphology of Candida?
Gram-staining budding yeast
What is the typical host for Candida?
Normal as well as immunocomprimised host.
What is the clinical presentation of Candida infection in a normal host?
Skin, mucous membrane infections

Satellite lesions
What are examples of skin infections caused by Candida in a normal host?
Rash under the breasts with SATELLITE LESIONSk
Oral thursh
Diaper rash
What is the main defense against a candida rash?
Normal skin and mucosa
What is the clinical presentation of Candida infection in an ICU patient?
Severly ill patient in Abs, post GI surgery.

Shows signs of systemic infections.

Normally has a catheter in.
What is the clinical presentation of Candida infection in an immunosuppressed patient?
Disseminated infection.

Lesions all over the skin, in organs.
What is a common complication form a Candida infection?
Retinopathies
What antibiotics are ineffective against Candida galbrata?
Everything except Amp B, Micrafungin
What kind of host is infected by Pneumocystis jiroveci
Immunocompromised hosts

Never infects normal people
What is the epidemiology of Pneumocystis jiroveci?
Inhaled from the environment

Specific to mammals
Where does Pneumocystis jiroveci attach in the lungs?
Alveolar lining cells
What is the culprit for the symptoms of a Pneumocystis jiroveci infection?
Proteinaceous flow into the alveoli due to a host inflammatory response
What disease is caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci?
Pneumonia
What is the treatment for Pneumocystis jiroveci?
Bactram (can be used prophylactically as well)

Corticosteroids to dampen the inflammatory response.
Where do infections are commonly caused by Candida occur?
Skin