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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What kind of an organism is Aspergillosis fumigatus and Aspergillosis flavus?
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Mold
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What kind of an infection do Aspergillosis fumigatus and Aspergillosis flavus cause?
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Opportunistic fungal infection
Manifests in lungs, all over body |
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What is the morphology of Aspergillosis species in the environment?
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Aerial hyphia
Condida production |
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What is the morphology of the Aspergillosis species in tissue?
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Acutely breaking separate hyphae
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Who is the host for an infection by Aspergillosis species?
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Immunosuppressed hosts:
Neutropenic Corticosteroids Immunosuppressants |
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What is the pathogenesis of Aspergillosis species?
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Inhalation from the environment
Invasion of the blood vessels of the lung Hematogenous spread to the rest of the body |
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What is the primary defense against Aspergillosis species?
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PMNs
Macrophages |
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What types of infections are caused by Aspergillosis species?
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Pulmonary infections
Disseminated infections (CNS, Skin, etc.) |
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What are the symptoms of a pulmonary infection by Aspergillosis species?
What should you do? |
Fever
Pleuritic cough Hemoptosis SOB CHEST CT, STAT! |
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What is the best way to diagnose an infection by Aspergillosis species?
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CT
Culture from Bronchoalveolar lavage Antigen detection Histopathology |
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What is a bronchoalveolar lavage?
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Mechanism of culturing from lungs during a bronchoscopy.
You wash out the lungs with saline and recollect --> Histopathology, Culture. |
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What is the antigen that is detected in Aspergillus infections?
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Galactomannan, a component of the cell wall.
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What is the treatment for Aspergillus infections?
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Voriconazole
Amphotericin B |
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On CT, what is fairly diagnostic for a Aspergillus infection?
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Halo inside of the lungs: occluding of vessels followed by hemorrhage
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What is the morphology of a Rhizopus or Mucor infection in tissue?
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Non-separate hyphae
Rhizoids |
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What patients are particularly vulnerable to a Rhizopus or Mucor infection? Why?
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Immunosuppressed
Ketoacidotic diabetics |
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What is a clinical similarity between aspergillus and Rhizopus or Mucor?
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Angioinvasive in the lungs
Halo on a chest Ct |
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What is a particularly nasty disease in diabetics caused by Rhizopus or Mucor?
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Rhinoorbitalcerebral disease
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What kind of fungi causes Rhinoorbitalcerebral disease?
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Rhizopus or Mucor
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What is the pathogenesis of Rhinoorbitalcerebral disease?
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Inhalation
Passage through the sinuses, swelling Movement back along the nerves to the caveronous sinus |
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What is the treatment for Rhinoorbitalcerebal disease?
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SURGERY! Cut out the bad eye!
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What antibiotics are used to treat an infection by Rhizopus or Mucor?
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Only amphotericin B
Rhizopus or Mucor are resistant to the others. |
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What is the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Yeast!
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What is the environmental habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Soil
Bird droppings Urban settings |
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What is the unique cellular feature of Cryptococcus neoformans?
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GIANT CAPSULE!
Inhibits phagocytosis. |
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Who are the typical hosts for Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Immunocompromised as well as healthy hosts.
The capsule is just so GIANT that healthy people can't deal with it either. |
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What is the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Inhalation
Neurotropism (chronic meningitis) |
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What are the diseases caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Pulmonary infection
Subacute-->Chronic meningitis (this is the typical disease) |
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What are the laboratory findings of Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis?
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High pressure
High lymphocytes High protein Moderately low glucose: 20-40 |
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What are the useful diagnostic tests for Cryptococcus neoformans?
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India ink
Antigen to the polysaccharide capsule |
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What test shouldn't you do to diagnose Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Serology - no antibodies are made.
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What is the most effective antibiotic therapy for Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Amphotericin B+ Flucytosine
Fluconazole |
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What are the two species of Candida that cause candidiasis?
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Albicans (most common)
Galbrata |
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What is the normal environment for Candida?
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Normal flora
GI, GU, skin |
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What is the staining and morphology of Candida?
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Gram-staining budding yeast
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What is the typical host for Candida?
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Normal as well as immunocomprimised host.
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What is the clinical presentation of Candida infection in a normal host?
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Skin, mucous membrane infections
Satellite lesions |
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What are examples of skin infections caused by Candida in a normal host?
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Rash under the breasts with SATELLITE LESIONSk
Oral thursh Diaper rash |
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What is the main defense against a candida rash?
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Normal skin and mucosa
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What is the clinical presentation of Candida infection in an ICU patient?
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Severly ill patient in Abs, post GI surgery.
Shows signs of systemic infections. Normally has a catheter in. |
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What is the clinical presentation of Candida infection in an immunosuppressed patient?
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Disseminated infection.
Lesions all over the skin, in organs. |
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What is a common complication form a Candida infection?
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Retinopathies
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What antibiotics are ineffective against Candida galbrata?
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Everything except Amp B, Micrafungin
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What kind of host is infected by Pneumocystis jiroveci
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Immunocompromised hosts
Never infects normal people |
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What is the epidemiology of Pneumocystis jiroveci?
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Inhaled from the environment
Specific to mammals |
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Where does Pneumocystis jiroveci attach in the lungs?
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Alveolar lining cells
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What is the culprit for the symptoms of a Pneumocystis jiroveci infection?
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Proteinaceous flow into the alveoli due to a host inflammatory response
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What disease is caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci?
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Pneumonia
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What is the treatment for Pneumocystis jiroveci?
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Bactram (can be used prophylactically as well)
Corticosteroids to dampen the inflammatory response. |
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Where do infections are commonly caused by Candida occur?
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Skin
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